Studies on the structure of the female reproductive system and egg-shell formation inAspiculuris tetrapteraSchulz, (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea)

The histological anatomy of the female reproductive system of an oxyuroid nematode,Aspiculuris tetraptera, Schulz, has been described.The process of egg-shell formation in this animal has been followed in detail while the structural and chemical characteristics of the egg-shell have been studied by histochemical and other methods. It is shown that there are three layers: a lipoprotein layer, a ‘chitinous’ layer and the so-called vitelline (glycosidal) membrane. Evidence is presented for the exogenous origin of the lipoprotein layer: this being formed by the cells of the upper uterus which are shown to be secretory.The question of quinone-tanning in the egg-shell ofA. tetrapteraand in other oxyuroids and ascarids is considered. It is shown that neither a polyphenol oxidase nor a high concentration of phenolic substances (apart from protein tyrosine) exists in this system. The significance of these and other observations is discussed in relation to the mechanism of tanning as elucidated in insects and trematodes.I have to acknowledge with gratitude the support of many during these investigations. To Dr P. Tate for his encouragement and provision of facilities at the Molteno Institute; to Dr D. L. Lee, for much useful discussion and permission to refer to some of his unpublished electron micrographs of nematodes; to Professor J. D. Smyth, who kindly read through the manuscript; to the Cambridge Philosophical Society for a grant that made possible the translation of Fauré-Frémiet's classical study onAscaris;and to the Department of Technical Cooperation for financial assistance.

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Female Reproductive System and Egg-shell Formation in Fasciola hepatica L.

Nature ◽

10.1038/169549a0 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 169 (4300) ◽

pp. 549-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H. K. YOSUFZAI

Keyword(s):

Reproductive System ◽

Fasciola Hepatica ◽

Shell Formation ◽

Female Reproductive System ◽

Egg Shell

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Oogenesis and egg-shell formation in Aspiculuris tetraptera Schulz (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea)

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000049192 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 131-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

D. A. Wharton

Keyword(s):

Vitelline Membrane ◽

Shell Formation ◽

Perivitelline Space ◽

Lipid Layer ◽

Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽

Inner Surface ◽

Egg Shell ◽

Aspiculuris Tetraptera ◽

Lipid Layers

SUMMARYThe ovary of Aspiculuris tetraptera has a prominent terminal cap cell. This is considered to be part of the ovarian epithelium. Oogonia detach from the short rachis and increase in size from 6 to 60 μm; accumulating hyaline granules, shell granules and glycogen. The hyaline granules persist in the egg cytoplasm after shell formation has been completed and are considered to be lipoprotein yolk. The shell granules contribute to the non-chitin fraction of the chitinous layer. A classification of the cytoplasmic inclusions of the nematode oocyte is proposed. Upon fertilization a vitelline membrane is formed which constitutes the vitelline layer of the egg-shell. The chitinous layer is secreted in the perivitelline space, between the vitelline layer and the egg oolemma. Upon completion of chitinous layer synthesis, the egg cytoplasm contracts away from its inner surface. The material of the lipid layer is secreted at the surface of the egg cytoplasm and adheres to the inner surface of the chitinous layer. During secretion of the chitinous and lipid layers by the egg cytoplasm, the uterine cells secrete the unit membrane-like external uterine layer and the crystalline internal uterine layer. A complex system of interconnecting spaces develops in the internal uterine layer. This system is open to the exterior via breaks in the external uterine layer. There is no direct involvement of the uterine cells in the formation of this structure.

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A Technique for the Histochemical Demonstration of Polyphenol Oxidase and its application to Egg-shell Formation in Helminths and Byssus Formation in Mytilus

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.s3-95.30.139 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol s3-95 (30) ◽

pp. 139-152

Author(s):

J. D. SMYTH

Keyword(s):

Positive Reaction ◽

Polyphenol Oxidase ◽

Histochemical Demonstration ◽

Female Genitalia ◽

Shell Formation ◽

Whole Mount ◽

Vitelline Cells ◽

Quinone Tanning ◽

Oxidase Test ◽

Egg Shell

1. The distribution of polyphenol oxidase in quinone-tanning systems may be demonstrated in frozen-dried sections by incubation in 0.2 per cent, aqueous catechol at 400° C. for 15-60 minutes. A red colour develops at the enzyme site. 2. The evidence for the view that the egg-shell in trematodes, in certain cestode groups, and in turbellarians, is a quinone-tanned protein secreted by the so-called ‘vitelline’ glands, is summarized. The ‘vitelline’ cells, in addition to giving positive reactions for proteins and phenols, give a strongly positive reaction with the catechol polyphenol oxidase test. 3. The catechol technique may also be applied to whole helminths fixed in 70 per cent, alcohol, and serves as a useful whole mount stain for the shell-producing regions of the female genitalia. 4. In Mytilus the catechol technique reveals the presence of polyphenol oxidase in an ‘upper’ or enzyme gland in the foot. 5. It is suggested that in Mytilus the byssus is formed from a phenolic protein secreted from the phenol gland, which on contact with polyphenol oxidase can undergo ‘auto-quinone tanning’.

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Studies on Penetrocephalus ganapatii, a new genus (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from the marine teleost Saurida tumbil (Bloch)

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000025257 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 50 (1-2) ◽

pp. 155-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

K. Hanumantha Rao

Keyword(s):

Bay Of Bengal ◽

New Genus ◽

Shell Formation ◽

Marine Teleost ◽

Female Reproductive System ◽

Form Part ◽

Vitelline Cells ◽

Histochemical Tests ◽

Egg Shell ◽

Egg Capsule

1. The character of the scolex, the long filamentous neck and the morphology of the proglottids are features which justify the establishment of a new genus, Penetrocephalus, to accommodate the pseudophyllid species P. ganapatii (= Both-riocephalus ganapatii (Rao, 1954), B. penetratus (Subhapradha, 1955)) from the marine teleost Saurida tumbil Bloch, off Waltair, Bay of Bengal.2. The anatomy of the female reproductive system is described in detail, and a preliminary interpretation of the histochemistry of egg-shell formation is given.3. On the basis of histochemical tests it is suggested that Mehlis's gland, which surrounds the cellular ootype, secretes a phospholipid-like material which may aid in the release of shell precursors from the vitelline cells, but it does not form part of the shell. It appears also to be responsible for the synthesis of PAS-positive yolky matter found in these cells in the egg capsule. The functions of Mehlis's gland in helminths are discussed.4. In a majority of helminths where the egg-shell is a quinone-tanned protein, it is considered that it is solely if not entirely derived from shell globules in the vitelline cells.

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V - The secretory phenomena in the oviduct of the fowl, including the process of shell formation examined by the microincineration technique

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1935.0010 ◽

1935 ◽

Vol 225 (522) ◽

pp. 149-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Keyword(s):

Mineral Content ◽

Magnesium Carbonate ◽

Shell Formation ◽

High Concentration ◽

Calcium Salts ◽

Gland Cells ◽

Uterine Gland ◽

Egg Shell ◽

Uterine Glands ◽

Comparative Examination

The present studies were commenced primarily to investigate the cytological phenomena in glandular tissues in which the secretion consists mainly of inorganic salts in solution. In selecting convenient material, the fowl uterus was chosen as a vertebrate organ liberating a secretion which, in view of the chemical composition of the egg shell, must contain calcium salts in high concentration with a trace of magnesium carbonate, but without significant amounts of iron, silicon, or aluminium. From previous investigations, it has been established that at least two types of gland cells exist in the lining epithelium of the uterus and that of the tubular glands of the uterine corium, both of which contribute to the final stages of egg-shell formation in the fowl. The addition of half the total egg-white, in the form of thin fluid albumen, has been conclusively attributed to the activity of the uterine glands, but no convincing localization of the egg-shell secretion has been made owing to the remarkably low concentration of calcium salts in the actively secreting uterus ; a concentration for which the ordinary histo-chemical tests are ineffective. The technique of microincineration, which hitherto has been confined largely to problems of a histological or embryological nature, owing to the difficulty of obtaining delicate cytological detail in the ash residues, was examined as a possible means of identifying the storage and elaboration of inorganic material in the uterine gland cells and its later extrusion as the mature secretion. A comparative examination of the mineral content of regions adjacent to the uterus and the cytology of heavy albumen secretion in the cranial sections of the oviduct, led finally to a study of secretory processes in the entire organ. The more important phases of the glandular activity in the infundibulum, albumen region, and the isthmus have been reinvestigated, particularly where lack of agreement exists, in recent literature, on details of major importance. A final solution, however, of many aspects of this problem naturally rests on the histo-chemical analysis of material fixed and sectioned without the use of protein precipitants or solvents. In this connection the new freezing-drying technique of Gersh (1932) might prove to be most suitable.

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FEMALE ENDOCRINE CONTROL MECHANISMS DURING THE NEONATAL PERIOD

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0700396 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 396-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K.-D. Schulz ◽

H. Haarmann ◽

A. Harland

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Reproductive System ◽

Rna Synthesis ◽

Neonatal Period ◽

High Dose ◽

Female Reproductive System ◽

Endocrine Control ◽

Hypothalamic Region ◽

Rna And Protein Synthesis ◽

Physiological Dose

ABSTRACT The present investigation deals with the oestrogen-sensitivity of the female reproductive system during the neonatal period. Newborn female guinea pigs were used as test animals. At different times after a single subcutaneous injection of a physiological dose of 0.1 μg or an unphysiologically high dose of 10 μg 17β-oestradiol/100 g body weight, the RNA- and protein-synthesis was examined in the hypothalamic region, pituitary, cerebral cortex, liver, adrenal gland, ovary and uterus. With a physiological dose an increase in organ weight, protein content, RNA-and protein-synthesis was found only in the uterus. These alterations turned out to be dose-dependent. In addition to the findings in the uterus an inhibition of the aminoacid incorporation rate occurred in the liver following the injection of the high oestradiol dose. As early as 1 hour after the administration of 0.1 μg 17β-oestradiol an almost 100% increase in uterine protein synthesis was detectable. This result demonstrates a high oestrogen-sensitivity of this organ during the neonatal period. All the other organs of the female reproductive system such as the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary did not show any oestrogen response. Therefore the functional immaturity of the uterus during post partem life is not the result of a deficient hormone sensitivity but is correlated with the absence of a sufficient hormonal stimulus at this time. The investigation on the effects of actinomycin resulted in different reactions in the uterus and liver. In contrast to the liver a paradoxical actinomycin effect was found in the uterus after treatment with actinomycin alone. This effect is characterized by a small inhibition of RNA-synthesis and a 50% increase in protein synthesis. The treatment of the newborn test animals with actinomycin and 17β-oestradiol together abolished the oestrogen-induced stimulation of the uterine RNA-and protein-synthesis. Consequently, the effect of oestrogens during the neonatal period is also connected with the formation of new proteins via an increased DNA-directed RNA-synthesis.

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Insufficiency of timeliness and efficiency of diagnosis of malignant tumors of visual localization in the female reproductive system

Сибирский научный медицинский журнал ◽

10.15372/ssmj20200214 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Reproductive System ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Visual Localization ◽

Female Reproductive System

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Effect of Cryopreserved Placental Explants on Female Reproductive System Under Normal and Pathological Conditions (Experimental study)

Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine ◽

10.15407/cryo27.03.250 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 250-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Volodymyr Yu. Prokopyuk ◽

◽

Olga V. Grischenko ◽

Oleksandra V. Prokopyuk ◽

Nadiia O. Shevchenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Reproductive System ◽

Female Reproductive System ◽

Pathological Conditions

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ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN THE DETECTION OF RECURRENT OVARIAN CANCER

UZBEK MEDICAL JOURNAL ◽

10.26739/2181-0664-2020-6-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 23-31

Author(s):

M. Alisherova ◽

◽

M. Ismailova

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Surgical Treatment ◽

Reproductive System ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Recurrent Ovarian Cancer ◽

Primary Diagnosis ◽

Female Reproductive System

Currently, there are no standard approaches to monitoring patients with ovarian cancer (OC). While the role of ultrasound (US) has been identified in the primary diagnosis of OS, it is still controversial during the subsequent surgical treatment of OC. In world statistics, ovarian cancer is consistently among the four main localizations of malignant tumors of the female reproductive system, along with tumors of the breast, body and cervix.

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