A Follow-Up Of Mentally Retarded Young Adults By J. Krupinski, A. Mackenzie, E. Meredith, and A. Stoller. (Pp. 29. Price not stated). Mental Health Authority: Victoria, Australia. 1973. - Drug Use By The Young Population Of Melbourne By J. Krupinski and A. Stoller. (Pp. 181. Price not stated). Mental Health Authority: Victoria, Australia. 1973.

AbstractBackgroundADHD in childhood is associated with development of negative psychosocial and behavioural outcomes in adults. Yet, relatively little is known about which childhood and adulthood factors are predictive of these outcomes and could be targets for effective interventions. To date follow-up studies have largely used clinical samples from the United States with children ascertained at baseline using broad criteria for ADHD including all clinical subtypes or the use of DSM III criteria.AimsTo identify child and adult predictors of comorbid and psychosocial comorbid outcomes in ADHD in a UK sample of children with DSM-IV combined type ADHD.MethodOne hundred and eighteen adolescents and young adults diagnosed with DSM-IV combined type ADHD in childhood were followed for an average of 6 years. Comorbid mental health problems, drug and alcohol use and police contact were compared for those with persistent ADHD, sub-threshold ADHD and population norms taken from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Study 2007. Predictors included ADHD symptomology and gender.ResultsPersistent ADHD was associated with greater levels of anger, fatigue, sleep problems and anxiety compared to sub-threshold ADHD. Comorbid mental health problems were predicted by current symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, but not by childhood ADHD severity. Both persistent and sub-threshold ADHD was associated with higher levels of drug use and police contact compared to population norms.ConclusionsYoung adults with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD showed increased rates of comorbid mental health problems, which were predicted by current levels of ADHD symptoms. This suggests the importance of the continuing treatment of ADHD throughout the transitional years and into adulthood. Drug use and police contact were more common in ADHD but were not predicted by ADHD severity in this sample.

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Examining the Association and Directionality between Mental Health Disorders and Substance Use among Adolescents and Young Adults in the U.S. and Canada—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm7120543 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 543 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Sarvenaz Esmaeelzadeh ◽

John Moraros ◽

Lilian Thorpe ◽

Yelena Bird

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Substance Use ◽

Young Adults ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Mental Health Disorders ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Health Disorders ◽

The U.S

Background: The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the association and directionality between mental health disorders and substance use among adolescents and young adults in the U.S. and Canada. Methods: The following databases were used: Medline, PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library. Meta-analysis used odds ratios as the pooled measure of effect. Results: A total of 3656 studies were screened and 36 were selected. Pooled results showed a positive association between depression and use of alcohol (odds ratio (OR) = 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24–1.83), cannabis (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.10–1.51), and tobacco (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.43–1.92). Significant associations were also found between anxiety and use of alcohol (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.19–2.00), cannabis (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.02–1.81), and tobacco (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.54–3.17). A bidirectional relationship was observed with tobacco use at baseline leading to depression at follow-up (OR = 1.87, CI = 1.23–2.85) and depression at baseline leading to tobacco use at follow-up (OR = 1.22, CI = 1.09–1.37). A unidirectional relationship was also observed with cannabis use leading to depression (OR = 1.33, CI = 1.19–1.49). Conclusion: This study offers insights into the association and directionality between mental health disorders and substance use among adolescents and young adults. Our findings can help guide key stakeholders in making recommendations for interventions, policy and programming.

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Validity of a Short Measure of Child Sexual Abuse for Use in Adult Mental Health Surveys

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1990.66.2.449 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 449-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Christopher Bagley

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Sexual Abuse ◽

Young Adults ◽

Child Sexual Abuse ◽

Social Service ◽

Health Surveys ◽

Sexually Abused ◽

Apparent Absence ◽

Adult Mental Health

An 18-yr. follow-up of 49 children for whom presence or apparent absence of sexual abuse was independently verified by social service reports in childhood, indicated partial validity for a recently developed measure of sexual abuse. Of 19 subjects known to have been sexually abused in childhood, 74% recalled details of such abuse when young adults.

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Effects of an automated digital brief prevention intervention targeting adolescents and young adults with risky alcohol and other substance use: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034894 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. e034894

Author(s):

Pia Kvillemo ◽

Anna K Strandberg ◽

Johanna Gripenberg ◽

Anne H Berman ◽

Charlotte Skoglund ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Substance Use ◽

Young Adults ◽

Randomised Controlled Trial ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Peer Pressure ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Randomised Controlled

IntroductionAdolescence and young adulthood is a period in life when individuals may be especially vulnerable to harmful substance use. Several critical developmental processes are occurring in the brain, and substance use poses both short-term and long-term risks with regard to mental health and social development. From a public health perspective, it is important to prevent or delay substance use to reduce individual risk and societal costs. Given the scarcity of effective interventions targeting substance use among adolescents and young adults, cost-effective and easily disseminated interventions are warranted. The current study will test the effectiveness of a fully automated digital brief intervention aimed at reducing alcohol and other substance use in adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 25 years.Methods and analysisA two-arm, double-blind, randomised controlled trial design is applied to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Baseline assessment, as well as 3-month and 6-month follow-up, will be carried out. The aim is to include 800 participants with risky substance use based on the screening tool CRAFFT (Car,Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble). Recruitment, informed consent, randomisation, intervention and follow-up will be implemented online. The primary outcome is reduction in alcohol use, measured by Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test total score. Secondary outcomes concern binge drinking, frequency of alcohol consumption, amount of alcohol consumed a typical day when alcohol is consumed, average daily drinks per typical week, other substance use, mental health, sexual risk behaviours and perceived peer pressure. Moreover, the study involves analyses of potential moderators including perfectionism, openness to parents, help-seeking and background variables.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (no. 2019–03249). The trial is expected to expand the knowledge on digital preventive interventions for substance using adolescents and young adults. Results will be disseminated in research journals, at conferences and via the media.Trial registration number24 September 2019, ISRCTN91048246; Pre-results.

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Drug use and emotional distress differentiate unstably- versus stably-housed adults living with HIV who engage in unprotected sex

Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.1177/1359105315603465 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 302-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elizabeth Mayfield Arnold ◽

Katherine A Desmond ◽

Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus ◽

Aaron Scheffler ◽

W Scott Comulada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Drug Use ◽

Insurance Coverage ◽

Unprotected Sex ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Hiv Diagnosis ◽

Hard Drug ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Living With Hiv

Among adults living with HIV, unstable housing is a barrier to health. Stably- and unstably-housed adults living with HIV were assessed for over 25 months. At baseline, unstably-housed adults living with HIV had a more recent HIV diagnosis, higher viral loads, worse physical and mental health, lower rates of antiretroviral therapy use and insurance coverage, and higher rates of hard drug use than stably-housed adults living with HIV. At follow-up, the health of both groups was similar, but unstably-housed adults living with HIV reported significantly more hard drug use and mental health symptoms when compared to the stably-housed adults living with HIV. Drug and mental health risks decreased for both groups, but decreases in unprotected sex were greater among unstably-housed adults living with HIV.

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Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions Targeting Alcohol or Other Drug Use and Co-Occurring Mental Health Disorders: A Meta-Analysis

Alcohol and Alcoholism ◽

10.1093/alcalc/agab016 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kahini Mehta ◽

Ariel Hoadley ◽

Lara A Ray ◽

Brian D Kiluk ◽

Kathleen M Carroll ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Drug Use ◽

Usual Care ◽

Effect Size ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Cognitive Behavioral ◽

Variable Effect ◽

Small Effect Size

Abstract Aims This meta-analysis reviewed 15 clinical trials (18 study sites/arms), examining the efficacy of an integrated cognitive-behavioral intervention (CBI) delivered to individuals with an alcohol or other drug use disorder and a co-occurring mental health disorder (AOD/MHD). Outcomes were alcohol or other drug use and mental health symptoms at post-treatment through follow-up. Methods The inverse-variance weighted effect size was calculated for each study and pooled under random effects assumptions. Results Integrated CBI showed a small effect size for AOD (g = 0.188, P = 0.061; I2 = 86%, τ2 = 0.126, k = 18) and MHD (g = 0.169, P = 0.024; I2 = 58%, τ2 = 0.052, k = 18) outcomes, although only MHD outcomes were statistically significant. Analysis by subgroup suggested that effect magnitude varied by type of contrast condition (integrated CBI + usual care vs. usual care only; integrated CBI vs. a single-disorder intervention), follow-up time point (post-treatment vs. 3–6 months) and primary AOD/MHD diagnosis, although these sub-groups often contained significant residual heterogeneity. In a series of mixed effects, meta-regression models, demographic factors were non-significant predictors of between-study heterogeneity. For AOD outcomes, greater effects were observed in higher quality studies, but study quality was not related to effect size variability for MHD outcomes. Conclusions The current meta-analysis shows a small and variable effect for integrated CBI with the most promising effect sizes observed for integrated CBI compared with a single disorder intervention (typically an AOD-only intervention) for follow-up outcomes, and for interventions targeting alcohol use and/or post-traumatic stress disorder. Given the clinical and methodological variability within the sample, results should be considered a preliminary, but important step forward in our understanding of treatment for co-occurring AOD/MHD.

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Drug Use and Mental Health Among a Representative National Sample of Young Adults

Social Forces ◽

10.1093/sf/58.2.572 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 572-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

W. R. Gove ◽

M. Geerken ◽

M. Hughes

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Young Adults ◽

Drug Use ◽

National Sample ◽

Representative National Sample

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Exploring the external validity of survey data with triangulation: A case study from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) Study

Research Methods in Medicine & Health Sciences ◽

10.1177/26320843211061298 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 263208432110612

Author(s):

Nicoline Toresen Lokdam ◽

Marianne Riksheim Stavseth ◽

Anne Bukten

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Drug Use ◽

Survey Data ◽

External Validity ◽

Prison Population ◽

Personal Identification ◽

Using Data ◽

The One ◽

Lost To Follow Up

Objectives This paper demonstrates how to investigate the external validity of a study sample by triangulating survey and registry data, using data from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) Study as a case. Methods We use survey data from the NorMA study ( n = 1495), including the NorMA cohort ( n = 733), and data from the Norwegian Prison Registry on all people imprisoned on 1 September 2013 ( n = 3386). Triangulation was performed by (1) comparing the NorMA cohort to those lost to follow-up ( n = 762), using survey data from the NorMA study. Secondly, we compared the NorMA cohort to the one-day population, using data from the Norwegian Prison Registry. We also stratified the one-day sample by possession of a Norwegian personal identification number (PIN). Results We found differences in birthplace, imprisonment and drug use between the NorMA cohort, lost to follow-up and the one-day population. Twenty-three percent of the one-day population did not have a Norwegian PIN. The NorMA cohort was more similar to those with a Norwegian PIN in the one-day population. Our triangulation demonstrates that 56–62% of the Norwegian prison population had an indication of drug use before imprisonment. Conclusions The NorMA cohort was overall representative of the one-day prison population holding a Norwegian PIN and less representative of prisoners without a Norwegian PIN. Using this method provides tangible inputs on the strengths and limitations of a study sample and can be a feasible method to investigate the external validity of survey data.

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Drug Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults with Unsuppressed HIV Who Use Alcohol: Identifying Patterns of Comorbid Drug Use and Associations with Mental Health

AIDS and Behavior ◽

10.1007/s10461-020-02848-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (10) ◽

pp. 2975-2983

Author(s):

Tyrel J. Starks ◽

Karen Kolmodin MacDonell ◽

Amy L. Pennar ◽

Veronica Dinaj-Koci ◽

Brett M. Millar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Young Adults ◽

Drug Use ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults

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Psychotropic drug use following venous thromboembolism versus diabetes mellitus in adolescence or young adulthood: a Danish nationwide cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026159 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. e026159 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anette Arbjerg Højen ◽

Mette Søgaard ◽

Line Melgaard ◽

Deirdre A. Lane ◽

Erik Elgaard Sørensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Young Adults ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Venous Thromboembolism ◽

Psychotropic Drug ◽

Risk Difference ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults

ObjectivesCritical and chronic illness in youth such as diabetes can lead to impaired mental health. Despite the potentially traumatic and life-threatening nature of venous thromboembolism (VTE), the long-term mental health of adolescents and young adults with VTE is unclear. We compared the long-term mental health of adolescents and young adults with VTE versus adolescents and young adults with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) using psychotropic drug purchase as proxy for mental health.DesignNationwide registry-based cohort study.SettingDenmark 1997–2015.ParticipantsAll patients aged 13–33 years with an incident diagnosis of VTE (n=5065) or IDDM (n=6609).ExposureFirst time primary hospital diagnosis of VTE or IDDM.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAdjusted absolute risk and risk difference at 1 and 5 years follow-up for first psychotropic drug purchase comparing patients with VTE and patients with IDDM.ResultsThe absolute 1 year risk of psychotropic drug use was 6.2% among VTE patients versus 3.6% among patients with IDDM, at 5 years this was 19.3%–14.7%, respectively. After adjusting for the effect of sex, age and risk factors for VTE this corresponded to a 1 year risk differences of 1.9% (95 % CI 0.1% to 3.3%). At 5 years follow-up the risk difference was 1.9% (95% CI 0.5% to 3.3%).ConclusionOne-fifth of adolescents and young adults with incident VTE had claimed a prescription for a psychotropic drug within 5 years, a risk comparable to that of young patients with IDDM.

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