The role of internalizing and externalizing liability factors in accounting for gender differences in the prevalence of common psychopathological syndromes

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Kramer ◽  
Robert F. Krueger ◽  
Brian M. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Latent Factor ◽  
Gender Invariance ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Invariance Model ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

BackgroundWe hypothesized that gender differences in average levels on the internalizing and externalizing factors that account for co-morbidity among common psychopathological syndromes in both men and women account for gender differences in the prevalence of specific syndromes.MethodThe latent structure of 11 syndromes was examined in a middle-aged (mean age=52.66 years, s.d.=5.82) sample of 2992 (37% men) members of the community-based Minnesota Twin Registry (MTR) assessed using 10 scales of the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ) and an adult antisocial behavior scale. Confirmatory factorial invariance models were applied to a best-fitting, internalizing–externalizing model.ResultsA ‘strong gender invariance model’ fit best, indicating that gender differences in the means of individual syndromes were well accounted for by gender differences in mean levels of internalizing and externalizing. Women exhibited higher mean levels of internalizing (d=0.23) and lower mean levels of externalizing (d=−0.52) than men.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that risk factors for common mental disorders exhibiting gender differences may influence prevalence at the latent factor level. Future research may benefit from focusing on both the latent factor and individual syndrome levels in explaining gender differences in psychopathology.

Insecure attachment is associated with paranoia but not hallucinations in psychotic patients: the mediating role of negative self-esteem

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1495-1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wickham ◽  
K. Sitko ◽  
R. P. Bentall
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Style ◽  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Insecure Attachment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Attachment Representations ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundA growing body of research has investigated associations between insecure attachment styles and psychosis. However, despite good theoretical and epidemiological reasons for hypothesising that insecure attachment may be specifically implicated in paranoid delusions, few studies have considered the role it plays in specific symptoms.MethodWe examined the relationship between attachment style, paranoid beliefs and hallucinatory experiences in a sample of 176 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 113 healthy controls. We also investigated the possible role of negative self-esteem in mediating this association.ResultsInsecure attachment predicted paranoia but not hallucinations after co-morbidity between the symptoms was controlled for. Negative self-esteem partially mediated the association between attachment anxiety and clinical paranoia, and fully mediated the relationship between attachment avoidance and clinical paranoia.ConclusionsIt may be fruitful to explore attachment representations in psychological treatments for paranoid patients. If future research confirms the importance of disrupted attachment as a risk factor for persecutory delusions, consideration might be given to how to protect vulnerable young people, for example those raised in children's homes.

Gender Differences in English Proficiency among Early, Middle and Late Immersion Undergraduate Students: The Role of Individual Difference Factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Olusiji Lasekan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
English Proficiency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Confidence

AbstractA number of s tudies conducted a cross di fferent levels of educa tion ha ve reported tha t female learners’ capa city to lea rn second language successfull y is hi gher than male lea rners ’. However, few wri ters ha ve been able to question and investi gate the effects of di fferent levels of immersions and va rious indi vidual fa ctors on male a nd female lea rners ’ English proficiency at uni versity level . The aim of this study is to exa mine how gender differences in English profi ciency is influenced by individu al di fference fa ctors among ea rl y, middle and late immersion undergradua te students . Both quali tati ve and quanti tati ve methods were used in i nves tiga ting 221 undergraduate s tudents from va rious colleges in the ci ty of Gulba rga , India. The resul ts reveal tha t the female lea rner’s hi gher English proficien cy compa red wi th the male learners’ is pa rtl y caused by their s tronger a tti tude towa rd English langua ge educa tion and self -confidence to lea rn the langua ge successfull y. Implica tions of the resul ts and future research di rections a re also presented.

Deconstructing Higgins: gender bias in the Pygmalion phenomenon

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-18
Author(s):  
Len Karakowsky ◽  
Nadia DeGama ◽  
Kenneth McBey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pygmalion Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Leader Influence ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Research Propositions

Purpose Despite considerable empirical evidence to support the existence of the Pygmalion effect, studies that focus on the role of gender within this phenomenon have produced varied results. Whereas the research has consistently demonstrated the Pygmalion effect with male leaders, less research evidence exists to support this phenomenon among female leaders. This paper aims to present a conceptual framework for understanding the potential role gender can play in the Pygmalion effect and why women may face obstacles in their efforts to serve as Pygmalion leaders. Research propositions are presented with the intent of guiding future research in this area. Design/methodology/approach For the purpose of this theoretical paper, elements of the sociological, structural and psychological perspectives are drawn to present an understanding of the potential influence a leader’s gender has on the facilitation of the Pygmalion effect. A brief background to the Pygmalion effect is first provided followed by research related to this phenomenon. Then the underlying elements of the Pygmalion effect are revisited and attention is drawn to those factors affecting subordinate receptiveness to leader influence. Following that, these ideas are integrated with gender-based research to present the theoretical framework and research propositions. Findings This paper’s framework offers a fuller understanding of the role of a leader’s gender in facilitating the Pygmalion effect by identifying factors that can influence subordinate perceptions of leader efforts. Gender-based cues influence subordinate perceptions of leader expertise and power. In turn, this will influence subordinate receptiveness to leader elicited expectations and supportive behaviors. Practical implications The theoretical framework of this paper suggests that under certain conditions, gender differences can impact subordinate receptiveness to leader behaviors and performance expectations. Managers need to be aware of the gendered-nature of the work context and how it can influence subordinate perceptions of leaders. Otherwise, gender-based cues can unwittingly undermine women who endeavor to elevate follower self-efficacy beliefs. Social implications Stereotypes regarding women in managerial roles can undermine the capacity of women to effectively mentor and inspire others. These biases must be explicitly confronted and challenged. Moreover, given the global nature of the workforce it is critical to understand how national cultures can differ in their attitudes toward women in management in ways that can impede the ability of a woman to facilitate this transformative process. Originality/value The theoretical framework of this paper broadens the understanding of gender differences in the Pygmalion effect. This paper attempts to explain the lack of consistent findings for women who attempted to serve as Pygmalion leaders. It is asserted that rather than a leader’s gender, it is gender-based contextual cues that influence the leader’s capacity to trigger the Pygmalion effect. Thus far, no systematic effort has been made to identify the conditions under which subordinates are receptive to the influence of Pygmalion male or female leader expectations and behaviors.

scholarly journals Personality, gender, and crying

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathell Peter ◽  
Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets ◽  
Guus L. Van Heck
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Mood Changes ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

This study examined gender differences in crying as well as associations between basic personality traits and self‐reported indices of crying. Forty‐eight men and 56 women completed the Five‐Factor Personality Inventory and the Adult Crying Inventory. Substantial gender differences were demonstrated in crying frequency and crying proneness, but not with respect to mood changes after crying. As predicted, women reported a higher frequency of crying and more proneness to cry both for negative and positive reasons. For women, all these crying indices were negatively associated with Emotional Stability. For men, only a significant negative relationship between Emotional Stability and crying for negative reasons emerged. No clear links were found between personality and mood changes after crying. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant predictive role of gender for crying proneness, even when controlling for personality differences, but not for crying frequency. Adding personality by gender interaction terms resulted in a disappearance of the main effect of sex, while significant interactions with personality factors showed up for crying frequency and general crying proneness. It is suggested that future research on the relationship between personality and crying should focus more on the underlying mechanisms of observed relationships. Furthermore, it is recommended that future research should examine the role of different emotion regulation strategies. In addition, biological factors, temperament, upbringing measures, and socio‐demographic variables should be taken into account. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Depressive episodes–evidence for a causal role of primary anxiety disorders?

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 384-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Ulrich Wittchen ◽  
Katja Beesdo ◽  
Antje Bittner ◽  
Renee D. Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Severe Impairment ◽  
First Onset ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
Course Of Depression

AbstractAnxiety and depressive disorders are common mental disorders in general population, imposing tremendous burden on both affected persons and society. Moreover, comorbidity between anxiety and depressive conditions is high, leading to substantial disability and functional impairment. Findings consistently suggest that anxiety disorders are primary to depression in the majority of comorbid cases. Yet, the question of whether anxiety disorders are risk factors for depression, and potentially even causal risk factors for the first onset of depression, remains unresolved. Recent results have shown that anxiety disorders increase the risk for subsequent depression, and also affect the course of depression, resulting in a poorer prognosis. Further, some results suggest a dose–response-relationship in revealing that a higher number of anxiety disorders and more severe impairment associated with anxiety disorders additionally increase the risk for subsequent depression. The goal of this paper is to review recent literature, summarize implications of previous findings, and suggest directions for future research regarding preventive and intervention strategies.

Gender Differences and Socioeconomic Status Biases in Judgments About Blame in Date Rape Scenarios

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Black ◽  
David J. Gold
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Date Rape ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Bus Driver

Participants (80 men, 80 women) read hypothetical date rape scenarios, wherein the perpetrator’s socioeconomic status (bus driver versus doctor) and the victim’s level of resistance (verbal versus verbal and physical) were varied, and made judgments about who was at fault and what the consequences should be. In general, men assigned more blame to the victim and less blame to the perpetrator than did women. However, men assigned more blame to the bus driver than to the doctor. Women, on the other hand, assigned more blame to the victim who was raped by the bus driver than to the victim who was raped by the doctor. The results also indicated that participants recommended harsher punishments for the perpetrator when the victim resisted verbally than when she resisted verbally and physically. Future research on the role of the perpetrator’s, the victim’s, and the participants’ socioeconomic status in judgments about date rape is suggested.

scholarly journals Gender Effect on Views of Wisdom and Wisdom Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimi Xiong ◽  
Fengyan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Gender Effect ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Psychological Gender ◽  
And Gender

Gender differences in wisdom are an important theme in mythology, philosophy, psychology, and daily life. Based on the existing psychological research, consensus and dispute exist between the two genders on the views of wisdom and in the levels of wisdom. In terms of the views of wisdom, the way men and women view wisdom is highly similar, and from the perspectives of both ordinary people and professional researchers of wisdom psychology, wise men and women are extremely similar. Regarding wisdom level, research has revealed that, although significant gender effects exist in the level of overall wisdom, reflective and affective dimension, and interpersonal conflict coping styles, the effect sizes were small, which indicated that these gender differences were not obvious. It would be desirable for future research to combine multiple wisdom measurements, strengthen research on the psychological gender effect of wisdom, and focus on the moderating role of age on the relationship between wisdom and gender.

scholarly journals Children’s Self-Reported Reasons for Accepting and Rejecting Foods

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Sick ◽  
Rikke Højer ◽  
Annemarie Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Food Acceptance ◽  
Good Taste ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Depth Interviews

Children’s eating behavior does not necessarily align with dietary recommendations, and there is a need for better understanding the factors underlying their food choices. The aim of this study was to investigate children’s self-reported reasons for accepting and rejecting foods. A questionnaire was developed with reasons based on prior research and in-depth interviews. A set of various food stimuli covering different types was evaluated by 106 girls and 99 boys aged 10–13 years by checking all reasons that apply (CATA) for either accepting or rejecting them. Results showed gender differences among reasons for both food acceptance and rejection, but also in liking and willingness to re-taste the stimuli. The most common reason for food acceptance was good taste in boys and curiosity in girls; for food rejection they were bad taste, bad smell and dislike of appearance in boys and bad taste, bad smell, dislike of appearance and texture in girls. Overall, boys liked the food stimuli more than girls and were more willing to re-taste them. Future research should focus more on the role of sensory properties in both acceptance and rejection, and the potential of children’s curiosity as a driver in tasting foods should be further explored.

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