scholarly journals Minority status and mental distress: a comparison of group density effects

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (14) ◽  
pp. 3051-3059 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schofield ◽  
J. Das-Munshi ◽  
L. Bécares ◽  
C. Morgan ◽  
V. Bhavsar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Mental Distress ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Occupational Social Class

BackgroundIt has been observed that mental disorders, such as psychosis, are more common for people in some ethnic groups in areas where their ethnic group is less common. We set out to test whether this ethnic density effect reflects minority status in general, by looking at three situations where individual characteristics differ from what is usual in a locality.MethodUsing data from the South East London Community Health study (n = 1698) we investigated associations between minority status (defined by: ethnicity, household status and occupational social class) and risk of psychotic experiences, common mental disorders and parasuicide. We used a multilevel logistic model to examine cross-level interactions between minority status at individual and neighbourhood levels.ResultsBeing Black in an area where this was less common (10%) was associated with higher odds of psychotic experiences [odds ratio (OR) 1.34 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.67], and attempted suicide (OR 1.84 95% CI 1.19–2.85). Living alone where this was less usual (10% less) was associated with increased odds of psychotic experiences (OR 2.18 95% CI 0.91–5.26), while being in a disadvantaged social class where this was less usual (10% less) was associated with increased odds of attempted suicide (OR 1.33 95% CI 1.03–1.71). We found no evidence for an association with common mental disorders.ConclusionsThe relationship between minority status and mental distress was most apparent when defined in terms of broad ethnic group but was also observed for individual household status and occupational social class.

scholarly journals O3.6. PREVALENCE OF AND RECOVERY FROM COMMON MENTAL DISORDERS INCLUDING PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S8-S8
Author(s):  
Jesus Perez ◽  
Clare Knight ◽  
Debra A Russo ◽  
Jan Stochl ◽  
Peter B Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Psychological Therapies ◽  
Primary Mental Health Care ◽  
Threshold Score

Abstract Background Systematic reviews indicate that approximately one third of people with at-risk mental states for psychosis (ARMS) will transition to a psychotic disorder. Research in non-specialised services, such as primary care settings, has shown that far fewer make such a conversion. Nonetheless, psychotic experiences (PE) may also be linked to common mental disorders (CMD), particularly depression and anxiety, and still predict poor outcomes. Population studies modelling the co-occurrence of CMD and PE have found an underlying unitary psychopathological factor, with PE emerging towards its more severe end. We know little about the prevalence of and recovery from PE in primary mental health care, where most CMD are treated. One example of primary mental health care setting in England is the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme (https://www.england.nhs.uk/mental-health/adults/iapt/). The IAPT programme provides evidence-based psychological therapies for mild to moderate CMD across the UK National Health Service (NHS). IAPT services adhere to current diagnostic paradigms and, therefore, do not either measure or treat PE. We aimed to establish the prevalence of PE in a large sample of patients with CMD from the IAPT programme and compare recovery rates between patients with CMD and PE (CMD-P) and those without PE. Methods We used the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences - Positive 15-item Scale (CAPE-P15) to determine the prevalence of PE in patients with CMD receiving treatment from IAPT services across England. We employed the CAPE-P15 threshold score of 1.47, which identifies individuals with ARMS, and also a lower threshold of 1.30, chosen as within one standard error of measurement, in order to explore threshold effects in the association between PE and recovery. Patient-reported measures of depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) are routinely collected in IAPT services and determine ‘caseness’ before, during and after therapy. Using recovery rates (moving from ‘caseness’ to recovery) monitored nationally in the IAPT programme, we stratified patients according to the absence and presence of PE. Multi-group growth models estimated improvement trajectories for each group. Results 2,042 patients with CMD completed the CAPE-P15. The mean age was 39.8. The overall prevalence of CMD-P was 29.68% at CAPE-P15 threshold score for ARMS, i.e. 1.47, and 48.09% at threshold score 1.30. The overall recovery rate at threshold of 1.47 was 27.87% and 36.3% at 1.30. Recovery rates for those without PE were 58.92% and 62.43% for thresholds 1.47 and 1.30, respectively. Although patients with or without PE shared similar improvement trajectories, the initial severity of patients with CMD-P impeded their likelihood of recovery during treatment. Discussion At least one in four patients receiving treatment from IAPT services in primary care experience CMD-P. This significant group of people experience a lower recovery rate, with adverse implications not only for them but also for efficiency of services. Although recovery trajectories for this group showed improvement over therapy sessions, remittance of symptoms was insufficient to meet national IAPT standards of recovery. This patient group is not well-served by current interventions in primary care. This work forms part of a nation-wide NIHR research programme (TYPPEX; https://www.nihr.ac.uk/news/innovative-mental-health-study-launchesin-eastern-region) aiming to develop innovative therapies for people with CMD-P in primary care. Preliminary results related to feasibility and effectiveness of new therapeutic approaches will also be presented.

scholarly journals Mental distress and its association with sociodemographic and economic characteristics: community-based household survey in Aceh, Indonesia

BJPsych Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Reuter ◽  
Sebastian Vollmer ◽  
A. Aiyub ◽  
Suryane Sulistiana Susanti ◽  
M. Marthoenis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mental Distress ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Disadvantaged Population ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Self Reporting Questionnaire

Background The role of sociodemographic and economic characteristics in mental distress has been rarely investigated in Indonesia. Aims To investigate the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) and identify any associations between mental distress and sociodemographic and economic characteristics among communities living in urban and rural (peri-urban) areas. Method A community-based household survey was conducted in the province of Aceh, Indonesia, in 2018. The 20-item Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) screening tool was used to measure symptoms of CMD. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, family functioning, labour market outcomes and healthcare costs was collected. Multivariate regressions were conducted to analyse the relationships between the measures of mental distress and sociodemographic and economic characteristics. Results We found that 14% of the respondents had CMD symptoms. SRQ-20 scores were higher for female, older and lower-educated individuals. CMD prevalence was higher among non-married participants and clustered within families. Participants with CMD perceive their families as performing significantly better in the dimensions of affective involvement and behaviour control compared with their counterparts. Their work was more often affected by negative feelings; they were also twice as likely to report a recent physical or mental health complaint and faced twice the treatment costs compared with their non-affected counterparts. Conclusions The prevalence of mental disorders is especially high in disadvantaged population groups. Moreover, mental distress is associated with a lower perceived productivity and a higher physical health burden.

Associations between IQ and common mental disorders: The 2000 British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rajput ◽  
A. Hassiotis ◽  
M. Richards ◽  
S.L. Hatch ◽  
R. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Problem Drinking ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Verbal Iq ◽  
Mental Symptoms

AbstractBackgroundAssociations have been described between lower IQ and serious mental illness. Associations between common mental disorders (CMDs) and IQ have received little research. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between verbal IQ and CMD symptoms and diagnoses, and to investigate the role of potential mediating and confounding factors.MethodData were analysed from a British national survey with an analysed sample of 8054 people aged 16–74 years. Associations between verbal IQ (NART) and mental symptoms/disorders (CIS-R) were analysed with covariates including education, social class, income, debt, problem drinking, life events, physical health and relationship quality.ResultsCMD was associated with lower IQ. This association was stronger for depressive disorder/symptoms than for generalised anxiety disorder/symptoms. The most important covariates were education, social class, income and relationship quality.ConclusionsThe association between lower IQ and CMD is partly accounted for by adverse social/socioeconomic conditions. Stronger associations for depression than anxiety may indicate an effect of IQ on the way mental distress is communicated.

scholarly journals Common Mental Disorders and Economic Uncertainty: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S.

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260726
Author(s):  
Wing Wah Tham ◽  
Elvira Sojli ◽  
Richard Bryant ◽  
Michael McAleer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Mental Distress ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Financial Uncertainty ◽  
The U.S

Mental health disorders represent an enormous cost to society, are related to economic outcomes, and have increased markedly since the COVID-19 outbreak. Economic activity contracted dramatically on a global scale in 2020, representing the worst crisis since the Great Depression. This study used the COVID Impact Survey to provide insights on the interactions of mental illness and economic uncertainty during COVID-19. We used a probability-based panel survey, COVID Impact Survey, conducted in the U.S. over three waves in the period April-June 2020. The survey covered individual information on employment, economic and financial uncertainty, mental and physical health, as well as other demographic information. The prevalence of moderate mental distress was measured using a Psychological Distress Scale, a 5-item scale that is scored on a 4-point scale (total range: 0–15). The mental distress effect of employment, economic, and financial uncertainty, was assessed in a logit regression analysis conditioning for demographic and health information. It is found that employment, health coverage, social security, and food provision uncertainty are additional stressors for mental health. These economic factors work in addition to demographic effects, where groups who display increased risk for psychological distress include: women, Hispanics, and those in poor physical health. A decrease in employment and increases in economic uncertainty are associated with a doubling of common mental disorders. The population-representative survey evidence presented strongly suggests that economic policies which support employment (e.g., job keeping, job search support, stimulus spending) provide not only economic security but also constitute a major health intervention. Moving forward, the economic uncertainty effect ought to be reflected in community level intervention and prevention efforts, which should include strengthening economic support to reduce financial and economic strain.

scholarly journals Characteristics of neighborhood environment (social cohesion and safety) and common mental disorders in ELSA-Brasil study: a multilevel analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiani Secretti ◽  
Maria Angélica Antunes Nunes ◽  
Maria Inês Schmidt ◽  
Markus Chagas Stein ◽  
Simone M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Neighborhood Environment ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Common ◽  
Multilevel Logistic Regression Model

The purpose of this study was to determine if self-reported characteristics of social cohesion and local neighborhood safety positively affect the mental health of their residents, regardless of individual characteristics. A sample of participants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline was used. The Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) instrument was used for tracking common mental disorders (CMD). Social cohesion and safety were measured by validated scales of neighborhood environment self-reported characteristics. The multilevel logistic regression model was used to estimate the effect in neighborhoods (level 2) and individuals (level 1), as well as the odds ratios for each neighborhood explanatory variable and social characteristics in the CMD. The results showed that part of the variance (2.3%), in the common mental disorders prevalence is attributed to local neighborhoods. The characteristics of social cohesion and safety remained significant, even after the adjustment of individual explanatory variables. This study confirmed the hypothesis that individuals living in neighborhoods where they perceive low social cohesion and safety present a higher chance of developing CMD.

scholarly journals Why are psychotic experiences associated with self-injurious thoughts and behaviours? A systematic review and critical appraisal of potential confounding and mediating factors

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1410-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Hielscher ◽  
J. E. DeVylder ◽  
S. Saha ◽  
M. Connell ◽  
J. G. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Mediating Factors ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractPsychotic experiences (PEs), including hallucination- and delusion-like experiences, are robustly associated with self-injurious thoughts and behaviours (SITB) in the general population. However, it remains unclear as to why there is an association. The purpose of this systematic review was to elucidate the role of other factors that influence the association between PEs and SITB and, in doing so, highlight potential mechanisms underlying the relationship. A search of electronic international databases was undertaken, including PubMed, PsycINFO and EMBASE, and eligible studies were grouped according to seven confounder categories: sociodemographics, mental disorders, alcohol and substance use, environmental, psychological, intervention and family history/genetic factors. The systematic search strategy identified 41 publications reporting on 1 39 427 participants from 16 different countries. In the majority of studies, where adjustment for other variables occurred, the association between PEs and SITB persisted, suggesting PEs have an independent role. Common mental disorders, psychological distress and negative environmental exposures explained a substantial amount of the variance and therefore need to be considered as potential underlying mechanisms. There was high variability in the variables adjusted for in these studies, and so the question still remains as to whether the association between PEs and self-harm/suicidality can be attributed (fully or in part) to confounding and mediating factors or directly causal mechanisms. Regardless of causality, the now extensive literature reporting an association between these two clinical phenomena supports the broad usefulness of PEs as an indicator of risk for SITB.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document