Associations between IQ and common mental disorders: The 2000 British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rajput ◽  
A. Hassiotis ◽  
M. Richards ◽  
S.L. Hatch ◽  
R. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Problem Drinking ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Verbal Iq ◽  
Mental Symptoms

AbstractBackgroundAssociations have been described between lower IQ and serious mental illness. Associations between common mental disorders (CMDs) and IQ have received little research. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between verbal IQ and CMD symptoms and diagnoses, and to investigate the role of potential mediating and confounding factors.MethodData were analysed from a British national survey with an analysed sample of 8054 people aged 16–74 years. Associations between verbal IQ (NART) and mental symptoms/disorders (CIS-R) were analysed with covariates including education, social class, income, debt, problem drinking, life events, physical health and relationship quality.ResultsCMD was associated with lower IQ. This association was stronger for depressive disorder/symptoms than for generalised anxiety disorder/symptoms. The most important covariates were education, social class, income and relationship quality.ConclusionsThe association between lower IQ and CMD is partly accounted for by adverse social/socioeconomic conditions. Stronger associations for depression than anxiety may indicate an effect of IQ on the way mental distress is communicated.

scholarly journals Worry content across the lifespan: an analysis of 16- to 74-year-old participants in the British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity 2000

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1625-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES LINDESAY ◽  
SARAH BAILLON ◽  
TRAOLACH BRUGHA ◽  
MICHAEL DENNIS ◽  
ROBERT STEWART ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Functional Limitation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background. Previous studies suggest that worry content and prevalence may vary as a function of age, but evidence is limited.Method. Cross-sectional national survey of 8580 householders in Great Britain aged between 16 and 74 years. This analysis examined the relationship between age, worry content (relationships/family, financial/housing, work, health, miscellaneous), common mental disorders, and functional limitation, adjusting for other sociodemographic factors.Results. Overall, the prevalence of worries declined with age. However, with the exception of worry about relationships, the strength of associations between worry types and mental disorder either remained constant or increased in the older age groups. Compared to the 16–24 years reference group, worries about relationships/family, finances/housing and work were lower in the 55–74 years age groups. Financial/housing worries were increased in the 25–44 years group, and health worries were increased in the 25–64 years groups. There were independent associations between all worry items and the categories of mental disorder. All worry types apart from miscellaneous worries were independently associated, positively or negatively, with functional limitation.Conclusions. Worry content in the general population varies as a function of age, gender, marital status, and educational attainment. All categories of worry are more prevalent in individuals with common mental disorders. The lower prevalence of worries and their stronger association with mental disorder in old age emphasize the clinical significance of these symptoms in this age group.

Estimated verbal IQ and the odds of problem gambling: a population-based study

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1739-1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rai ◽  
W. Hall ◽  
P. Bebbington ◽  
P. Skapinakis ◽  
A. Hassiotis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Verbal Iq ◽  
Drug And Alcohol

BackgroundThe neurocognitive deficits and other correlates of problem gambling are also observable in individuals with lower cognitive abilities, suggesting that a low IQ may be a determinant of problem gambling. There has been very little research into this possibility. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics associated with problem gambling in a large population-based study in England, with a particular focus on IQ.MethodThe Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) 2007 comprised detailed interviews with 7403 individuals living in private households in England. Problem gambling was ascertained using a questionnaire based on DSM-IV criteria. Verbal IQ was estimated using the National Adult Reading Test (NART). Confounders included socio-economic and demographic factors, common mental disorders, impulsivity, smoking, and hazardous drug and alcohol use.ResultsMore than two-thirds of the population reported engaging in some form of gambling in the previous year, but problem gambling was rare [prevalence 0.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5–1.0]. The odds of problem gambling doubled with each standard deviation drop in estimated verbal IQ [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.4, p = 0.003], after adjusting for other characteristics associated with problem gambling including age, sex, socio-economic factors, drug and alcohol dependence, smoking, impulsivity and common mental disorders. There was no strong relationship observed between IQ and non-problem gambling.ConclusionsPeople with lower IQs may be at a higher risk of problem gambling. Further work is required to replicate and study the mechanisms behind these findings, and may aid the understanding of problem gambling and inform preventative measures and interventions.

Personality disorders, common mental disorders and receipt of disability benefits: evidence from the British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 2631-2640 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Knudsen ◽  
J. C. Skogen ◽  
S. B. Harvey ◽  
R. Stewart ◽  
M. Hotopf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Work Disability ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Clinical Interview ◽  
Disability Benefits ◽  
Stratified Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundCommon mental disorders (CMDs) are associated with occupational impairment and the receipt of disability benefits (DBs). Little is known about the relationship between personality disorders (PDs) and work disability, and whether the association between CMDs and work disability is affected by the presence of co-morbid PDs. The aim of this study was to examine the association between DB and individual categories of PDs, with special attention to the effect of co-morbid CMDs on this association.MethodThe association between DB and PD was examined using data from the 2000 British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Probable PD caseness was identified using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II) screening questionnaire. The impact of CMDs, assessed with the revised version of the Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), was examined as a covariate and in a stratified analysis of co-morbidity. Other covariates included sociodemographic factors, long-standing illnesses and substance use.ResultsProbable PD was associated with DB, with the strongest associations found for borderline, dependent and schizotypal PD. Antisocial PD was not associated with DB. The relationship between PD and DB was strongly modified by CMD, reducing the association from an odds ratio (OR) of 2.84 to 1.34 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.79)]. In the stratified analysis, co-morbid PD and CMD showed a stronger association with DB than PD without CMD but, when fully adjusted, this effect was not significantly different from the association between CMD without PD.ConclusionsIndividuals screening positive for PD are more likely to experience severe occupational outcomes, especially in the presence of co-morbid CMD.

scholarly journals Minority status and mental distress: a comparison of group density effects

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (14) ◽  
pp. 3051-3059 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schofield ◽  
J. Das-Munshi ◽  
L. Bécares ◽  
C. Morgan ◽  
V. Bhavsar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Mental Distress ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Occupational Social Class

BackgroundIt has been observed that mental disorders, such as psychosis, are more common for people in some ethnic groups in areas where their ethnic group is less common. We set out to test whether this ethnic density effect reflects minority status in general, by looking at three situations where individual characteristics differ from what is usual in a locality.MethodUsing data from the South East London Community Health study (n = 1698) we investigated associations between minority status (defined by: ethnicity, household status and occupational social class) and risk of psychotic experiences, common mental disorders and parasuicide. We used a multilevel logistic model to examine cross-level interactions between minority status at individual and neighbourhood levels.ResultsBeing Black in an area where this was less common (10%) was associated with higher odds of psychotic experiences [odds ratio (OR) 1.34 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–1.67], and attempted suicide (OR 1.84 95% CI 1.19–2.85). Living alone where this was less usual (10% less) was associated with increased odds of psychotic experiences (OR 2.18 95% CI 0.91–5.26), while being in a disadvantaged social class where this was less usual (10% less) was associated with increased odds of attempted suicide (OR 1.33 95% CI 1.03–1.71). We found no evidence for an association with common mental disorders.ConclusionsThe relationship between minority status and mental distress was most apparent when defined in terms of broad ethnic group but was also observed for individual household status and occupational social class.

scholarly journals International and regional variation in the prevalence of common mental disorders: do we need more surveys?

2004 ◽  
Vol 184 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Weich ◽  
Ricardo Araya
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Local Decision ◽  
Local Decision Makers ◽  
Geographical Locations

Vicente and his colleagues present admirably concise findings from a large epidemiological survey of non-psychotic psychiatric morbidity in four different geographical locations in Chile (Vicente et al, 2004, this issue). Without gainsaying the importance of psychiatric morbidity in that country, many readers, including local decision-makers, may find it difficult to assimilate these results.

scholarly journals Stress and psychiatric disorder in urban Rawalpindi

2000 ◽  
Vol 177 (6) ◽  
pp. 557-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Mumford ◽  
Fareed A. Minhas ◽  
Imtiaz Akhtar ◽  
Saeed Akhter ◽  
Malik H. Mubbashar
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Socio Economic Variables

BackgroundRecent studies in rural areas of Pakistan have yielded high prevalence rates of common mental disorders, especially among women.AimsTo investigate emotional distress and common mental disorders in a poor urban district using the same survey method.MethodFirst-stage screening of a slum district of Rawalpindi used the Bradford Somatic Inventory. Psychiatric interviews were conducted with stratified samples using the ICD–10 research diagnostic criteria.ResultsOn a conservative estimate, 25% of women and 10% of men suffered from anxiety and depressive disorders. Levels of emotional distress increased with age in both men and women. Women living in joint households reported more distress than those living in unitary families. Higher levels of education were associated with lower risk of common mental disorders, especially in younger women. Emotional distress was negatively correlated with socio-economic variables among women.ConclusionsThis study found levels of emotional distress and psychiatric morbidity in a poor district of Rawalpindi to be less than half those in a nearby rural village in the Punjab, although rates in women were still double those in men. Possible explanations are that more healthy people migrate to the cities or that urban living is more conducive to good mental health in Pakistan.

scholarly journals The contribution of work and non-work stressors to common mental disorders in the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Clark ◽  
C. Pike ◽  
S. McManus ◽  
J. Harris ◽  
P. Bebbington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Workplace Stress ◽  
Housing Quality ◽  
Work Stressors ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Past

BackgroundEvidence for an effect of work stressors on common mental disorders (CMD) has increased over the past decade. However, studies have not considered whether the effects of work stressors on CMD remain after taking co-occurring non-work stressors into account.MethodData were from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, a national population survey of participants ⩾16 years living in private households in England. This paper analyses data from employed working age participants (N=3383: 1804 males; 1579 females). ICD-10 diagnoses for depressive episode, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, panic or mixed anxiety and depression in the past week were derived using a structured diagnostic interview. Questionnaires assessed self-reported work stressors and non-work stressors.ResultsThe effects of work stressors on CMD were not explained by co-existing non-work stressors. We found independent effects of work and non-work stressors on CMD. Job stress, whether conceptualized as job strain or effort–reward imbalance, together with lower levels of social support at work, recent stressful life events, domestic violence, caring responsibilities, lower levels of non-work social support, debt and poor housing quality were all independently associated with CMD. Social support at home and debt did not influence the effect of work stressors on CMD.ConclusionsNon-work stressors do not appear to make people more susceptible to work stressors; both contribute to CMD. Tackling workplace stress is likely to benefit employee psychological health even if the employee's home life is stressful but interventions incorporating non-work stressors may also be effective.

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