Who meets national early childhood sleep guidelines in Aotearoa New Zealand? A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis

Study Objectives To investigate the proportion of children in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) who do or do not meet sleep duration and sleep quality guidelines at 24 and 45 months of age and associated sociodemographic factors. Methods Participants were children (n=6,490) from the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal study of child development with sleep data available at 24 and/or 45 months of age (48.2% girls, 51.8% boys; 22.4% Māori [the Indigenous people of NZ], 12.9% Pacific, 13.4% Asian, 45.2% European/Other). Relationships between sociodemographic factors and maternally-reported child sleep duration (across 24 hours) and night wakings were investigated cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Estimates of children in NZ meeting sleep guidelines were calculated using a range of analytical techniques including Bayesian linear regression, negative binomial multiple regression, and growth curve models. Results In NZ, 29.8% and 19.5% of children were estimated to have a high probability of not meeting sleep duration guidelines and 15.4% and 8.3% were estimated to have a high probability of not meeting night waking guidelines at 24 and 45 months respectively, after controlling for multiple sociodemographic variables. Factors associated cross-sectionally with children’s sleep included ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation, material standard of living, rurality and heavy traffic, and longitudinal sleep trajectories differed by gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic deprivation. Conclusions A considerable proportion of young children in NZ have a high probability of not meeting sleep guidelines but this declines across the ages of 24 and 45 months. Sleep health inequities exist as early as 24 months of age in NZ.

TRANSFORMATION OF CURRENT ISSUES OF MODERN SOCIO-POLITICAL CHANGES

The article provides estimates of the “material standard of living” of the world’s population by periods (life expectancy, the volume of production of consumer goods, services, and products per capita). Many scientists and experts, politicians and, statesmen who have left their mark on world history have thought about the concept of progress. Most of them supported the idea of “progress” only from the bottom up. One described the pinnacle of progress as Chinese communism and, another called it “Western democracy.” This one-sided explanation reflects in the theory of five entities. (primitive, slavery, feudalism, capitalism and, communism or Western democracy). It emphasizes that all nations must go through these formations. The end of the twentieth century was characterized not only by the breakdown of the socialist system so “longawaited” in the West, the disappearance of the bipolar world and the emergence of world centers of power, unpredictable insane globalization with all the ensuing consequences, but, as it is obvious now, by the emergence of new, previously unseen threats and challenges not only to the sovereignty of individual countries but, above all, by threats to the existence of both each individual and by challenges to the existence of people itself. The first quarter of the 21st century, more than ever before, stuck out, exposed and, brought to the culmination point all painful problems - environmental, economic, geopolitical, socio-cultural, etc. The problem of adequate analysis and forecasting of these threats and challenges did not test, methodologically verified. The study made it possible to conclude that the issue of global and national security on earth is one of the main tasks of any state. And the understanding of the current requirements plays a principal role in preventing the emergence of a threat factor. Thus, understanding the period is one of the dominant needs in preventing the emergence of a threat factor

Application of Big Data Technology in the Impact of Tourism E-Commerce on Tourism Planning

With the improvement of the material standard of living, the demand of the people for spiritual culture continues to increase. In terms of tourism, people have gradually shifted from simple tourism needs to integrated tourism needs. Tourism has become an effective way for people to expand their horizons and enrich their spiritual world. Tourism is one of the first industries to apply network technology. After long-term exploration and innovation, tourism e-commerce has developed rapidly. Coupled with the advent of the era of big data (EBD), the concept of customized tourism has gradually entered people’s lives. This paper mainly introduces the research on the impact of e-commerce tourism on custom tourism in the EBD and intends to provide some ideas and directions for the good development of custom tourism. This paper proposes a research strategy on the impact of tourism e-commerce on customized tourism in the EBD, including related theoretical research methods, random forest algorithms, support vector machine classification algorithms, and Bayesian estimation algorithms, which are used to customize tourism e-commerce in the EBD, and research experiment on the impact of tourism. The experimental results show that 79.84% of customers are willing to purchase related products again after experiencing travel customization services using big data technology. By using the various characteristics of tourism big data for data mining and classification, it provides users with personalized travel search services. At the same time, big data technology can provide basic technical support for customized tourism development, which shows that it can also provide customized services for users.

DESOCIALIZATION, DEHUMANIZATION AND SOCIAL DEPRIVATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL, AS LINKS IN ONE CHAIN

В данной статье говорится о том, что дегуманизация, десоциализация и депривация являются следствием социально-экономических трудностей в государстве, что в свою очередь может привести к низкому духовному и материальному уровню жизни, и обезличиванию личности. This article States that dehumanization, desocialization and deprivation are the result of socio-economic difficulties in the state, which in turn can lead to a low spiritual and material standard of living, and depersonalization of the individual.

ESTIMATION OF LOSSES IN UKRAINE DUE TO UNEMPLOYMENT

One of the most important criteria, which makes it possible to evaluate the consequences and prospects of the country's development positively, is the dynamic growth of its economy, which is initiated, first of all, by increasing the efficiency of utilization in the national production of human resources. However, their productive implementation is affected by many socio-economic problems, including unemployment. In the economy, unemployment is a reflection of the state of the labor market, which characterizes the balance of supply and demand for jobs, in the social sphere it is one of the main factors for obtaining a stable income. Loss of work leads not only to a decrease in the current material standard of living, but also to the appearance of uncertainty in the future, as well as to the emergence of feelings of inferiority. Because people who want to work but do not have a job, they are not able to contribute to the increase of production of goods and services. The number of unemployed in the country is another indicator of its economic disadvantage. Therefore, unemployment is constantly the focus of government regulation of the economy and the labor market, and the instruments of regulation and its consequences are evolving with the development of socio-economic relations. The aim of the study. This research article is aimed at determining the macroeconomic losses caused by unemployment, taking into account age and gender. This gives a clearer picture of the magnitude of the likely benefit from properly formed and effectively implemented investment in programmatic measures to reduce unemployment as part of the formation of national economic growth strategies. Methodology. The analysis uses a multiplicative model of economic growth that describes the dependence of GDP growth on exogenous factors – the growth rate of gross fixed capital formation and the growth rate of those employed in the economy over the same period. The differences in this part are the use of more accurate data on labor costs: the number of employees is adjusted by gender and age coefficients of labor productivity. Results. The dynamics of the unemployment rate in Ukraine over the last years in terms of gender and age and duration of unemployment are analyzed on the basis of statistics. Based on the constructed production function, the estimation of the potential level of GDP output and the magnitude of its non-receipt in Ukraine due to excess of actual unemployment above its natural level for the period from 2010 to 2016 was made. The resulting production function model can also be applied to predict future GDP values based on the expected levels of fixed capital and the number of employees by age.

Environmental consequences of COVID-19 on the global and Russian economics

In the article, the environmental consequences of COVID-19 are divided into three groups: negative, positive and ambiguously interpreted. Over the coming years, we can expect a weakening of the attention of the state, business and the population towards environmental issues, a decrease in environmentally oriented costs, redirection of cash flows to maintain or prevent a significant drop in the material standard of living. Among the conditionally positive consequences of COVID-19 and the associated economic crisis, one can single out a short-term reduction in the environmental impact, awareness of the increasingly urgent need for an early change in the export-raw material model, and the requirement for international coordination.

6074Cardiorespiratory fitness, socioeconomic status and mortality in middle-aged men: a population-based prospective cohort study

Background Although both low socioeconomic status (SES) and poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with increased chronic disease and a heightened risk of death, it remains unclear whether moderate-to-high levels of CRF confer survival benefits in low SES populations. Purpose The present study evaluated the hypothesis that SES and CRF predict all-cause mortality (ACM), cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and sudden cardiac death (SCD), and that moderate-to-high levels of CRF may attenuate the associations between low SES and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Methods This prospective study was based on a population-based sample of 2,368 men aged 42 to 61 years, who were followed in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease cohort. CRF was directly measured by peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) during progressive exercise testing to volitional fatigue. SES was characterized using self-reported questionnaires via combined measures of income, education, occupation, occupational prestige, material standard of living, and housing conditions. CRF and SES were divided into tertiles, and 4 combined groups (Fit-high SES, Fit-low SES, Unfit-high SES, and Unfit-low SES) based on the median values of CRF and SES. Results During a 25 year median follow-up (interquartile ranges: 18–27 years), 1116 ACM, 512 CVD mortality and 221 SCD events occurred. After adjusting for potential confounders (age, smoking, alcohol, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, diabetes, hypertensive medication, family history of coronary heart disease, and physical activity), the lowest levels of SES were at significantly increased risk for ACM (hazard ratio (HR) 1.49, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.30–1.71), CVD mortality (HR 1.38, 1.13–1.69) and SCD (HR 1.34, 0.97–1.84). In contrast, higher levels of CRF were associated with lower risks of ACM (HR 0.56, 0.46–0.67), CVD mortality (HR 0.53, 0.40–0.71) and SCD (HR 0.53, 0.34–0.83). In combined associations of SES and CRF with mortality, unfit-low SES had significantly higher risks of ACM (HR 2.12, 1.75–2.57), CVD mortality (HR 2.20, 1.64–2.94) and SCD (HR 2.95, 1.79–4.86), but fit-low SES was not associated with a heightened risk of cardiovascular mortality or SCD (CVD mortality, 1.03, 0.73–1.46; SCD, 1.54, 0.87–2.72) as compared with their fit-high SES counterparts (reference). Conclusion Our findings indicate that both SES and CRF are independently associated with the risk of death; however, moderate-to-high levels of CRF appear to attenuate the risk of CVD mortality and SCD in low SES men. These unique data have important implications for public health interventions designed to enhance survival in underserved population cohorts.

Selected clinical syndromes of genetic variability in pain sensation

Pain sensation is variable both in animals and humans. Factors that influence the threshold and intensity of pain include race, ethnic origin, sex, material standard of living, stress exposure, environmental conditions and genetic factors. Methods used to identify potential gene variants responsible for the development of pain syndromes include identification of mutation or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), analysis of genetic variability in twins, and recently, genome wide association study (GWAS). Pain sensation disorders are the result of a single mutation, as in Biemond syndrome (congenital analgesia), erythromelalgia and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, or polygenic mutations, as in fibromyalgia and migraine. Sensation of pain starts when the stimulus acts through chemical mediators to activate nerve endings. The signal is then transduced through neurons and spinal pathways to the brain. This process involves synaptic neurotransmitters, membrane receptors, neuromodulators and cell structures that ultimately affect the intensity of pain. The objective of this paper is to present selected clinical syndromes of genetically determined pain sensation disorders and the use of genetic diagnostics in explaining their cause.

The problem of rural youth outflow in Belgorod region (Russia)

In this article, the author is exposing the problem of outflow of rural youth, analyzing the results of a sociological survey conducted in one of Russia?s regions. The article focuses on the fact that it is necessary to make the rural areas attractive not only in terms of appearance, but also to develop their infrastructure. In order to make the village an attractive place to live in, it is necessary to fulfill at least three tasks: to raise the material standard of living in rural areas, to improve cultural and living conditions of villagers and to educate them about modern ways of working in the field of agriculture. None of these problems could be solved without the significant support of the state, so it is necessary to focus on the search for additional mechanisms to support the rural youth while taking into account the integrated development of municipalities. A comfortable, modern way of life in the village and good communications could attract young specialists and encourage graduates who got a professional education to return to their native villages.

Children’s Opportunities in Germany – An Application Using Multidimensional Measures

Single parents and unmarried couples are increasingly replacing the traditional nuclear family. This paper investigates if the greater variety in living arrangements contributes to increased resource disparities among children in Germany. Children in single parent families are disadvantaged in at least three dimensions decisive for their later achievements: material standard of living, parental education, and parental childcare time. We compute multidimensional inequality and poverty indices using SOEP data from 1991 to 2012. We distinguish between parental and publicly provided childcare, which is an increasingly important in-kind benefit in Germany. We find that both multidimensional inequality and poverty declined as expanded public childcare strongly reduces resource disparities among children.