scholarly journals Lifetime co-morbidities between social phobia and mood disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. KESSLER ◽  
P. STANG ◽  
H.-U. WITTCHEN ◽  
M. STEIN ◽  
E. E. WALTERS
Keyword(s):  
Social Phobia ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
National Comorbidity Survey ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Us ◽  
Subsequent Onset

Background. General population data were used to study co-morbidities between lifetime social phobia and mood disorders.Methods. Data come from the US National Comorbidity Survey (NCS).Results. Strong associations exist between lifetime social phobia and major depressive disorder (odds ratio 2·9), dysthymia (2·7) and bipolar disorder (5·9). Odds ratios increase in magnitude with number of social fears. Reported age of onset is earlier for social phobia than mood disorders in the vast majority of co-morbid cases. Temporally-primary social phobia predicts subsequent onset of mood disorders, with population attributable risk proportions of 10–15%. Social phobia is also associated with severity and persistence of co-morbid mood disorders.Conclusions. Social phobia is a commonly occurring, chronic and seriously impairing disorder that is seldom treated unless it occurs in conjunction with another co-morbid condition. The adverse consequences of social phobia include increased risk of onset, severity and course of subsequent mood disorders. Early outreach and treatment of primary social phobia might not only reduce the prevalence of this disorder itself, but also the subsequent onset of mood disorders.

Comorbidity of DSM–III–R Major Depressive Disorder in the General Population: Results from the US National Comorbidity Survey

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (S30) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Kessler ◽  
C. B. Nelson ◽  
K. A. McGonagle ◽  
J. Liu ◽  
M. Swartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
General Population ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
National Comorbidity Survey ◽  
The Us

General population data are presented on the prevalence and correlates of comorbidity between DSM–III–R major depressive disorder (MDD) and other DSM–III–R disorders. The data come from the US National Comorbidity Survey, a large general population survey of persons aged 15–54 years in the non-institutionalised civilian population. Diagnoses are based on a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The analysis shows that most cases of lifetime MDD are secondary, in the sense that they occur in people with a prior history of another DSM–III–R disorder. Anxiety disorders are the most common primary disorders. The time-lagged effects of most primary disorders on the risk of subsequent MDD continue for many years without change in magnitude. Secondary MDD is, in general, more persistent and severe than pure or primary MDD. This has special public health significance because lifetime prevalence of secondary MDD has increased in recent cohorts, while the prevalence of pure and primary depression has remained unchanged.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in never treated mood disordered patientss

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Valerie Taylor ◽  
Glenda M. MacQueen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Bipolar Patients

Bipolar disorder and major depression are life-shortening illnesses. Unnatural causes such as suicide and accidents account for only a portion of this premature mortality1 Research is beginning to identify that mood disordered patients have a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome, an illness characterized by dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension and obesity.2 Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk for a variety of physical illnesses. Hypothesis: Never treated patients with mood disorders have preexisting elevations in the prevalence of the component variables of metabolic syndrome. Central obesity will be especially elevated, predicting increased premature mortality. Methods: We assessed never treated patients with mood disorders for metabolic syndrome and its component variables. Patients were assessed at baseline and followed up at 6-month intervals. All psychiatric pharmacotherapy was documented. Body mass index (BMI) was also obtained and the percentage of deaths attributable to overweight and obesity was calculated using the population attributable risk (PAR). [PAR= ∑[P (RR-1)/RR] Results: Prior to the initiation of treatment, patients did not differ from population norms with respect to metabolic syndrome or BMI. At 2-year follow-up, BMI had increased for unipolar patients 2.02 points and 1.92 points for bipolar patients. (p < .001) This increase in BMI predicted an increase in mortality of 19.4%. Conclusion: An increase in visceral obesity is often the first component of metabolic syndrome to appear and may indicate the initiation of this disease process prematurely in this group. The increase in BMI places patients with mood disorders at risk for premature mortality and indicates a need for early intervention. References 1.Osby U, Brandt L, Correia N, Ekbom A & Sparen P. Excess mortability in bipolar and Unipolar disorder rin Sweden. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2001;58: 844-850 2.Toalson P, Saeeduddin A, Hardy T & Kabinoff G. The metabolic syndrome in patients with severe mental illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2004; 6(4): 152-158

scholarly journals The role of mental disorders in the risk and speed of transition to alcohol use disorders among community youth

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1073-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Behrendt ◽  
K. Beesdo-Baum ◽  
P. Zimmermann ◽  
M. Höfler ◽  
A. Perkonigg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorders ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Rapid Transition ◽  
Dsm Iv

BackgroundAmong adolescents and young adults with DSM-IV alcohol use disorders (AUDs), there are inter-individual differences in the speed of transition from initial alcohol use (AU) to AUD. AUDs are highly co-morbid with other mental disorders. The factors associated with rapid transition from first AU to AUD remain unknown and the role of mental disorders in rapid transitions is unclear. Given this background we examined (1) whether prior anxiety, mood, externalizing and non-alcohol substance use disorders are related to the risk and speed of transition from first AU to DSM-IV alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD) and (2) whether early age of onset of prior mental disorders (PMDs) is a promoter of rapid transition.MethodA total of 3021 community subjects (97.7% lifetime AU) aged 14–24 years at baseline were followed up prospectively for up to 10 years. AU and mental disorders were assessed with the DSM-IV/M-CIDI.ResultsAmong subjects with lifetime AU, several PMDs, such as specific phobia, bipolar disorder and nicotine dependence, were associated with an increased risk of AUD independent of externalizing disorders. Associations of PMDs with the speed of transition to AUDs were mostly weak and inconsistent. Only social phobia and externalizing disorders were associated with faster transitions to AD even after adjustment for other PMDs. Earlier age of onset of PMD was not associated with rapid transition.ConclusionsMental disorders are associated with the risk of AUD. With the possible exception of social phobia and externalizing disorders, they do not promote rapid transition, even if they occur particularly early. Future research needs to identify factors relevant to rapid transition to AUD.

scholarly journals Reduced immunity to measles in adults with major depressive disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart N. Ford ◽  
Robert H. Yolken ◽  
Faith B. Dickerson ◽  
T. Kent Teague ◽  
Michael R. Irwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Childhood Vaccines

AbstractBackgroundDepression can impair the immunogenicity of vaccine administration in adults. Whereas many vaccinations are administered in childhood, it is not known whether adolescent or adult onset depression is associated with impairments in the maintenance of protection of childhood vaccines. This study tested the hypothesis that individuals with adolescent or adult onset mood disorders would display compromised immunity to measles, a target of childhood vaccination.MethodsIgG antibodies to measles were quantified using a solid phase immunoassay in volunteers with bipolar disorder (BD, n = 64, mean age of onset = 16.6 ± 5.6), currently depressed individuals with major depressive disorder (cMDD, n = 85, mean age of onset = 17.9 ± 7.0), remitted individuals with a history of MDD (rMDD, n = 82, mean age of onset = 19.2 ± 8.6), and non-depressed comparison controls (HC, n = 202), all born after the introduction of the measles vaccine in the USA in 1963.ResultsRelative to HC, both the cMDD group (p = 0.021, adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 0.47, confidence interval (CI) = 0.24–0.90), and the rMDD group (p = 0.038, adjusted OR = 0.50, CI = 0.26–0.97) were less likely to test seropositive for measles. Compared with unmedicated MDD participants, currently medicated MDD participants had a longer lifetime duration of illness and were less likely to test seropositive for measles.ConclusionsIndividuals with adolescent or adult onset MDD are less likely to test seropositive for measles. Because lower IgG titers are associated with increased risk of measles infection, MDD may increase the risk and severity of infection possibly because of impaired maintenance of vaccine-related protection from measles.

scholarly journals Lifetime co-morbidity of DSM-IV disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1997-2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Kessler ◽  
S. Avenevoli ◽  
K. A. McLaughlin ◽  
J. Greif Green ◽  
M. D. Lakoma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Prior History ◽  
National Comorbidity Survey Replication ◽  
National Comorbidity Survey ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Subsequent Onset

BackgroundResearch on the structure of co-morbidity among common mental disorders has largely focused on current prevalence rather than on the development of co-morbidity. This report presents preliminary results of the latter type of analysis based on the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A).MethodA national survey was carried out of adolescent mental disorders. DSM-IV diagnoses were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) administered to adolescents and questionnaires self-administered to parents. Factor analysis examined co-morbidity among 15 lifetime DSM-IV disorders. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to predict first onset of each disorder from information about prior history of the other 14 disorders.ResultsFactor analysis found four factors representing fear, distress, behavior and substance disorders. Associations of temporally primary disorders with the subsequent onset of other disorders, dated using retrospective age-of-onset (AOO) reports, were almost entirely positive. Within-class associations (e.g. distress disorders predicting subsequent onset of other distress disorders) were more consistently significant (63.2%) than between-class associations (33.0%). Strength of associations decreased as co-morbidity among disorders increased. The percentage of lifetime disorders explained (in a predictive rather than a causal sense) by temporally prior disorders was in the range 3.7–6.9% for earliest-onset disorders [specific phobia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] and much higher (23.1–64.3%) for later-onset disorders. Fear disorders were the strongest predictors of most other subsequent disorders.ConclusionsAdolescent mental disorders are highly co-morbid. The strong associations of temporally primary fear disorders with many other later-onset disorders suggest that fear disorders might be promising targets for early interventions.

Parents concordant for major depressive disorder and the effect of psychopathology in offspring

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1211-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. NOMURA ◽  
V. WARNER ◽  
P. WICKRAMARATNE
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Clear Dose Response ◽  
Affected Parent ◽  
Parental Mating

Background. Concordance for major depressive disorder (MDD) between parents could happen for different reasons. Regardless of the origin and the frequency of the concordance, the effect on offspring of having two parents affected with MDD may be serious. The sex of the affected parent and offspring may also be a important risk factor for MDD in offspring.Methods. We examined the increased risk of psychopathology among offspring of the four parental mating groups: both parents affected with MDD (N = 53); only mother affected (N = 31); only father affected (N = 65); and, neither parents affected (N = 33). Parents and offspring were assessed by direct interview, conducted blind and independently of each other.Results. Among the four parental mating groups, offspring of both parents affected had the highest risk of MDD, anxiety disorder and alcohol dependence, and the earliest age of onset for MDD. There were two exceptions: the highest risk of conduct disorder and of drug dependence was in the groups where only the father was affected and where only the mother was affected, respectively. Mother's MDD was a stronger predictor of MDD in male compared to female offspring. Father's MDD was a stronger predictor of MDD in female compared to male offspring.Conclusion. Having two parents with MDD increases the risk of psychiatric disorders in offspring. A clear dose–response relationship between the number of affected parents and psychiatric disorders in offspring was observed. The sex of the affected parent and of the offspring is important in determining the risk to offspring. For an examination of the risk to psychopathology in offspring, diagnosis status of both parents should be considered.

Self-criticism and social phobia in the US national comorbidity survey

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Cox ◽  
Claire Fleet ◽  
Murray B. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Social Phobia ◽  
National Comorbidity Survey ◽  
The Us

Pharmacological Treatments for Unipolar Depression

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Prendes-Alvarez ◽  
Alan F. Schatzberg ◽  
Charles B. Nemeroff
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dsm Iv

Major depressive disorder is a chronic syndrome associated with high mortality (secondary to suicide and increased risk for heart disease, stroke, and other serious diseases). It is one of the most common medical disorders affecting adults in the world today. In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of major depression is 16.7% for adults. The average age of onset is 32 years, and women are 70% more likely to develop depression than men. Neither the core requisite symptoms for the diagnosis of a major depressive episode nor the required duration of at least 2 weeks has changed from DSM-IV to DSM-5. This chapter discusses the main issues surrounding the treatment of major depressive disorder, such as suicidality and goals of treatment, and provides information about all treatment options approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Drugs are categorized by their mechanisms of action.

scholarly journals Lifetime panic–depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey

2000 ◽  
Vol 176 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter P. Roy-Byrne ◽  
Paul Stang ◽  
Hans-Ulrich Wittchen ◽  
Bedirhan Ustun ◽  
Ellen E. Walters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
National Comorbidity Survey ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Role Impairment

BackgroundMost prior studies of panic-depression comorbidity have been limited methodologically by use of small clinical samples and incomplete analyses.AimsGeneral population data were used to study the association of lifetime and recent (12 months) panic–depression comorbidity with symptom severity, impairment, course and help-seeking in the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS).MethodThe NCS is a nationally representative survey of the prevalences and correlates of major DSM–III–R disorders in the US household population.ResultsStrong lifetime and current comorbidity were found between panic and depression. Comorbidity was associated with greater symptom severity, persistence, role impairment, suicidality and help-seeking, with many findings persisting after controlling for additional comorbid diagnoses. Findings did not differ according to which disorder was chronologically primary.ConclusionsBoth lifetime and current panic–depression comorbidity are markers for more severe, persistent and disabling illness. Neither additional comorbid diagnoses nor the primary–secondary distinction were important moderators of these associations.

scholarly journals Age of Onset of Mood Disorders and Complexity of Personality Traits

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ostacoli ◽  
M. Zuffranieri ◽  
M. Cavallo ◽  
A. Zennaro ◽  
I. Rainero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Recursive Partitioning ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory ◽  
Axis I ◽  
The Relationship

Objective. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the link between the age of onset of mood disorders and the complexity of the personality traits. Methods. 209 patients with major depressive or manic/hypomanic episodes were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Axis I diagnoses and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Results. 17.2% of the patients had no elevated MCMI-III scores, 45.9% had one peak, and 36.9% had a complex personality disorder with two or more elevated scores. Mood disorders onset of 29 years or less was the variable most related to the complexity of personality disorders as indicated from a recursive partitioning analysis. Conclusions. The relationship between mood disorders and personality traits differ in reference to age of onset of the mood disorder. In younger patients, maladaptive personality traits can evolve both in a mood disorder onset and in a complex personality disorder, while the later development of a severe mood disorder can increase the personality symptomatology. Our results suggest a threshold of mood disorder onset higher compared to previous studies. Maladaptive personality traits should be assessed not only during adolescence but also in young adults to identify and treat potential severe mood disorders.

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