scholarly journals A Low-Cost Miniature Counter System for Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (2A) ◽  
pp. 578-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Jelen ◽  
Mebus A Geyh
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Data Evaluation ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Age Determinations

Despite the great potential of the AMS technique for 14C dating of milligram samples, the use of multiple miniature counter systems is still promising. Investment costs are relatively low and long-term financing of age determinations can be held within bounds. We have developed a 14C dating system containing 10 miniature counters for $30,000, whereas commercial systems usually cost more than $ 150,000. Counting is not quite as good as that of the technically more sophisticated commercial systems, but the disadvantage for routine work is not significant. CO2 preparation and purification take less than 30 minutes of active work including measurement and data evaluation. The cost of one age determination on a 22mg sample is about $35.00.

scholarly journals Low-cost monitoring buoys network tracking biogeochemical changes in lakes and marine environments – a regional case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 1631-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro J. Vitale ◽  
Gerardo M.E. Perillo ◽  
Sibila A. Genchi ◽  
Andrés H. Arias ◽  
María Cintia Piccolo
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Temperate Region ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
The Cost

AbstractLakes, rivers, estuaries and ocean waters control many important natural functions at the regional-global level. Hence, integrative and frequent long-term water monitoring is required globally. This paper describes the main features and innovations of a low-cost monitoring buoys network (MBN) deployed in a temperate region of Argentina. The MBN was designed to record extended time series at high-frequency, which is of great value for the scientific community, as well as for decision-makers. In addition, two innovative designs belonging to two versions of moored buoys (i.e. shallow waters and coastal marine waters) were presented. It was shown that the cost of either of two versions of the buoy is low, which can be considered as the main advantage.

Global airlines will need long-term productivity gains

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Productivity Gains

Subject Airline industry outlook. Significance The International Air Transport Association (IATA) predicts that the global airline industry will record a fifth year of profitable operations in 2016. The average profit margin is foreseen at 5.6%, with the industry meeting the cost of capital for the second consecutive year. This is the first period of economic sustainability in the airline industry's history. Impacts Further consolidation is likely among North American airlines, but smaller carriers are reluctant to embark on major restructuring. In Asia, the appetite for looser alliances and joint ventures will prevail over mergers and acquisitions. Low-cost carriers offering cheap business class services, in addition to less expensive economy-class tickets, will pressure IATA members.

scholarly journals Development of nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuels

2019 ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Nuclear Power Generation ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
High Production ◽  
The Cost

Research into environmental pollution and global warming has induced the energy industry and various levels of government to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels, especially coal and oil. One of the options being considered is increasing nuclear power generation, which has the advantage of high production capacity that can be fully utilized, low fuel consumption and low cost relative to the amount of electricity being generated. However, despite technological progress, the share of nuclear energy in the world’s energy mix is decreasing, especially in countries with highly developed economies. The reasons for this are high capital expenditures and their uncontrolled increase, fear of contamination of the natural environment in the event of a failure or terrorist attack as well as difficulties in long-term disposal of radioactive waste. This article analyzes the development of nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuels in the pursuit of sustainable development, in particular with regard to investment outlays, the cost of generating electricity, environmental protection and security.

scholarly journals Suitability of the Openly Accessible 3D Printed Prosthetic Hands for War-Wounded Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John-John Cabibihan ◽  
Farah Alkhatib ◽  
Mohammed Mudassir ◽  
Laurent A. Lambert ◽  
Osama S. Al-Kwifi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Credit Card ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Prosthetic Hands ◽  
Grasping Force ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Cost

The field of rehabilitation and assistive devices is being disrupted by innovations in desktop 3D printers and open-source designs. For upper limb prosthetics, those technologies have demonstrated a strong potential to aid those with missing hands. However, there are basic interfacing issues that need to be addressed for long term usage. The functionality, durability, and the price need to be considered especially for those in difficult living conditions. We evaluated the most popular designs of body-powered, 3D printed prosthetic hands. We selected a representative sample and evaluated its suitability for its grasping postures, durability, and cost. The prosthetic hand can perform three grasping postures out of the 33 grasps that a human hand can do. This corresponds to grasping objects similar to a coin, a golf ball, and a credit card. Results showed that the material used in the hand and the cables can withstand a 22 N normal grasping force, which is acceptable based on standards for accessibility design. The cost model showed that a 3D printed hand could be produced for as low as $19. For the benefit of children with congenital missing limbs and for the war-wounded, the results can serve as a baseline study to advance the development of prosthetic hands that are functional yet low-cost.

scholarly journals Uncertainty Analysis for Low-Cost Transformer-Type Inductive Conductivity Sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Yiğithan Kandur ◽  
Julius Harms ◽  
Thorsten A. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Conductivity Measurement ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Noise Shielding ◽  
Transformer Type ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost

Transformer-type inductive conductivity sensors (TICS) are the industry standard for long-term conductivity measurement in fluids. This paper analyzes the potential of TICS as a low-cost alternative to the cost-effective type of conductivity cells by an implementation with reduced complexity. Sensor characteristics and performance in comparison to high precision sensor are described in the study. Linearity and hysteresis error in measurement, reproducibility and permeability influenced by the temperature change are quantified through the experiments. The results were interpreted in regard to core material, geometric properties and noise shielding. The study presented in this paper provides a better understanding of performance and uncertainty characteristics in order to improve the design of low-cost transformer-type inductive conductivity sensors.

scholarly journals Biohydrogen Production From Biomass Sources: Metabolic Pathways and Economic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shams Forruque Ahmed ◽  
Nazifa Rafa ◽  
M. Mofijur ◽  
Irfan Anjum Badruddin ◽  
Abrar Inayat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Biohydrogen Production ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Electrochemical Processes ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Considerations

The commercialization of hydrogen as a fuel faces severe technological, economic, and environmental challenges. As a method to overcome these challenges, microalgal biohydrogen production has become the subject of growing research interest. Microalgal biohydrogen can be produced through different metabolic routes, the economic considerations of which are largely missing from recent reviews. Thus, this review briefly explains the techniques and economics associated with enhancing microalgae-based biohydrogen production. The cost of producing biohydrogen has been estimated to be between $10 GJ-1 and $20 GJ−1, which is not competitive with gasoline ($0.33 GJ−1). Even though direct biophotolysis has a sunlight conversion efficiency of over 80%, its productivity is sensitive to oxygen and sunlight availability. While the electrochemical processes produce the highest biohydrogen (>90%), fermentation and photobiological processes are more environmentally sustainable. Studies have revealed that the cost of producing biohydrogen is quite high, ranging between $2.13 kg−1 and 7.24 kg−1via direct biophotolysis, $1.42kg−1 through indirect biophotolysis, and between $7.54 kg−1 and 7.61 kg−1via fermentation. Therefore, low-cost hydrogen production technologies need to be developed to ensure long-term sustainability which requires the optimization of critical experimental parameters, microalgal metabolic engineering, and genetic modification.

scholarly journals Advantages of SaaS software in comparison with on-premises software

2018 ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
A. I. Levina ◽  
A. V. Kubarskii
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Software As A Service ◽  
The Internet ◽  
It Services ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Entire Process ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is becoming a popular outsourcing option for customers interested in paying for the right to access a standardized set of functions of the necessary software via the Internet. Due to the low cost of the service and the lack of high initial costs, the business becomes interested in using this technology. Software as a service allows you to significantly reduce the cost of IT services, to rethink the entire process of automating the business-processes of companies and creating software by eliminating high initial investments in infrastructure and its subsequent maintenance. Considering these advantages of SaaS over on-premises applications, business is increasingly talking about the possibility of a full transition to the use of SaaS services. In this paper, the concept of SaaS software, the architecture of this kind of applications, their distribution models and long-term use costs are analyzed, and this approach is compared with on-premises software in the above issues. Based on the analysis of actual data, recommendations were made on the topic of whether to abandon the usual set of technologies in favor of SaaS and which companies should take such actions.

Fine Particle Mass Monitoring with Low-Cost Sensors: Corrections and Long-Term Performance Evaluation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Malings ◽  
Rebecca Tanzer ◽  
Aliaksei Hauryliuk ◽  
Provat K. Saha ◽  
Allen L. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Particle Mass ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

Primary varicose veins

Phlebologie ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
H. Partsch
Keyword(s):  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Compression Therapy ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Primary Varicose Veins ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Convincing Data ◽  
Long Term Studies

SummaryBackground: Compression stockings are widely used in patients with varicose veins. Methods: Based on published literature three main points are discussed: 1. the rationale of compression therapy in primary varicose veins, 2. the prescription of compression stockings in daily practice, 3. studies required in the future. Results: The main objective of prescribing compression stockings for patients with varicose veins is to improve subjective leg complaints and to prevent swelling after sitting and standing. No convincing data are available concerning prevention of progression or of complications. In daily practice varicose veins are the most common indication to prescribe compression stockings. The compliance depends on the severity of the disorder and is rather poor in less severe stages. Long-term studies are needed to proof the cost-effectiveness of compression stockings concerning subjective symptoms and objective signs of varicose veins adjusted to their clinical severity. Conclusion: Compression stockings in primary varicose veins are able to improve leg complaints and to prevent swelling.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document