scholarly journals Biohydrogen Production From Biomass Sources: Metabolic Pathways and Economic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shams Forruque Ahmed ◽  
Nazifa Rafa ◽  
M. Mofijur ◽  
Irfan Anjum Badruddin ◽  
Abrar Inayat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Biohydrogen Production ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Electrochemical Processes ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Considerations

The commercialization of hydrogen as a fuel faces severe technological, economic, and environmental challenges. As a method to overcome these challenges, microalgal biohydrogen production has become the subject of growing research interest. Microalgal biohydrogen can be produced through different metabolic routes, the economic considerations of which are largely missing from recent reviews. Thus, this review briefly explains the techniques and economics associated with enhancing microalgae-based biohydrogen production. The cost of producing biohydrogen has been estimated to be between $10 GJ-1 and $20 GJ−1, which is not competitive with gasoline ($0.33 GJ−1). Even though direct biophotolysis has a sunlight conversion efficiency of over 80%, its productivity is sensitive to oxygen and sunlight availability. While the electrochemical processes produce the highest biohydrogen (>90%), fermentation and photobiological processes are more environmentally sustainable. Studies have revealed that the cost of producing biohydrogen is quite high, ranging between $2.13 kg−1 and 7.24 kg−1via direct biophotolysis, $1.42kg−1 through indirect biophotolysis, and between $7.54 kg−1 and 7.61 kg−1via fermentation. Therefore, low-cost hydrogen production technologies need to be developed to ensure long-term sustainability which requires the optimization of critical experimental parameters, microalgal metabolic engineering, and genetic modification.

scholarly journals FSBu 25/2018 “Accounting for Leases”   and IFRS 16 “Leases”: A comparative Analysis of Key Provisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
V. S. Plotnikov ◽  
O. V. Plotnikova
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Lease Accounting ◽  
Comparative Description

The article is devoted to the problem of accounting reflection of rental relations, which has been the subject of discussion by professional accountants for more than 100 years. At present, more standards are devoted to this problem in world practice than to other accounting objects. Nevertheless, a number of issues remain unresolved. The methodological framework of the study is based on a comparative description of the provisions of IFRS 16 “Leases” and FSBU 25/2018 “Accounting for Leases” and includes a new institutional theory, Conceptual framework for the presentation of financial statements. The research methodology provides for the reclassification of balance sheet items, which allows for significant structural information regarding the reflection of rental objects. The analysis revealed the following differences in standards: the Russian FSBU 25/2018 unreasonably introduces accounting for leasing transactions into the financial lease accounting system; insufficiently convincingly and without proper evidence the issues of identification of financial lease accounting objects are covered. The prospective direction of accounting for financial leases is the possibility of reflecting the property transferred by the lessee as an element of the cost of financial capital, at the same time, the tenant’s long-term obligations should be recognized as existing obligations. The practical significance of the study is determined by the possibility of reducing the level of debt in the balance of the parties to the lease transaction.

scholarly journals Low-cost monitoring buoys network tracking biogeochemical changes in lakes and marine environments – a regional case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 1631-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro J. Vitale ◽  
Gerardo M.E. Perillo ◽  
Sibila A. Genchi ◽  
Andrés H. Arias ◽  
María Cintia Piccolo
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Temperate Region ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
The Cost

AbstractLakes, rivers, estuaries and ocean waters control many important natural functions at the regional-global level. Hence, integrative and frequent long-term water monitoring is required globally. This paper describes the main features and innovations of a low-cost monitoring buoys network (MBN) deployed in a temperate region of Argentina. The MBN was designed to record extended time series at high-frequency, which is of great value for the scientific community, as well as for decision-makers. In addition, two innovative designs belonging to two versions of moored buoys (i.e. shallow waters and coastal marine waters) were presented. It was shown that the cost of either of two versions of the buoy is low, which can be considered as the main advantage.

Purification Efficiency and B Removal of Polysilicon during its Solidification from a Si-Al-Sn Melt

2013 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
Shen Rui Wu ◽  
Fu Min Xu ◽  
Jia Yan Li ◽  
Yi Tan ◽  
Ya Qiong Li
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Solar Grade Silicon ◽  
Segregation Coefficient ◽  
Purification Efficiency ◽  
Scale Size ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost

Solar grade silicon (SoG-Si) is the basic material of photovoltaic industry. Metallurgical method as a way of purification isconsidered to reduce the cost of polysilicon production unanimously based on its low cost, short production cycle, relatively simple process, lowpollution and controllable scale size, and it has become a hot topic in the subject research around the world.In this paper Al-Si-Sn alloy is used to purifypolysiliconand influence on the purification efficiency of polysilicon with different compositions of Al-Si-Sn alloy is analyzed. In order to study the segregation of impurity B in purification process, we introduce final segregation coefficient kB,finaland analyze the relation between kB,finaland the content of Al,Snin Al-Si-Sn alloy thermodynamically.

Low cost Fenton's oxidative degradation of 4-nitroaniline using iron from laterite

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1919-1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Amritha ◽  
B. Manu
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fenton’S Oxidation ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Fenton's Oxidation ◽  
Maximum Removal

The present study aims to establish the use of iron (Fe) from larerite in the case of Fenton's oxidation process which is a simple and cost-effective method for degradation of nitro compounds in effluents and in surface or ground water. 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) degradation by Fenton's oxidation method is the subject of the present study so as to optimize pH, hydrogen peroxide/iron (H/F) ratio at different initial concentrations of 4-NA. The optimum pH obtained was 3. The present study has also established optimum H/F ratio for the different initial concentrations of 4-NA for both conventional and use of Fe from laterite. The maximum removal efficiency of 99.84% was obtained for an H/F ratio of 100 for 0.5 mM initial concentration of 4-NA. The study establishes the use of Fe extracted from locally available laterite soil (LS) as a replacement of Fe salts so as to reduce the cost of the process.

Global airlines will need long-term productivity gains

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Productivity Gains

Subject Airline industry outlook. Significance The International Air Transport Association (IATA) predicts that the global airline industry will record a fifth year of profitable operations in 2016. The average profit margin is foreseen at 5.6%, with the industry meeting the cost of capital for the second consecutive year. This is the first period of economic sustainability in the airline industry's history. Impacts Further consolidation is likely among North American airlines, but smaller carriers are reluctant to embark on major restructuring. In Asia, the appetite for looser alliances and joint ventures will prevail over mergers and acquisitions. Low-cost carriers offering cheap business class services, in addition to less expensive economy-class tickets, will pressure IATA members.

scholarly journals Development of nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuels

2019 ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Nuclear Power Generation ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
High Production ◽  
The Cost

Research into environmental pollution and global warming has induced the energy industry and various levels of government to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels, especially coal and oil. One of the options being considered is increasing nuclear power generation, which has the advantage of high production capacity that can be fully utilized, low fuel consumption and low cost relative to the amount of electricity being generated. However, despite technological progress, the share of nuclear energy in the world’s energy mix is decreasing, especially in countries with highly developed economies. The reasons for this are high capital expenditures and their uncontrolled increase, fear of contamination of the natural environment in the event of a failure or terrorist attack as well as difficulties in long-term disposal of radioactive waste. This article analyzes the development of nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuels in the pursuit of sustainable development, in particular with regard to investment outlays, the cost of generating electricity, environmental protection and security.

scholarly journals Suitability of the Openly Accessible 3D Printed Prosthetic Hands for War-Wounded Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John-John Cabibihan ◽  
Farah Alkhatib ◽  
Mohammed Mudassir ◽  
Laurent A. Lambert ◽  
Osama S. Al-Kwifi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Credit Card ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Prosthetic Hands ◽  
Grasping Force ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Cost

The field of rehabilitation and assistive devices is being disrupted by innovations in desktop 3D printers and open-source designs. For upper limb prosthetics, those technologies have demonstrated a strong potential to aid those with missing hands. However, there are basic interfacing issues that need to be addressed for long term usage. The functionality, durability, and the price need to be considered especially for those in difficult living conditions. We evaluated the most popular designs of body-powered, 3D printed prosthetic hands. We selected a representative sample and evaluated its suitability for its grasping postures, durability, and cost. The prosthetic hand can perform three grasping postures out of the 33 grasps that a human hand can do. This corresponds to grasping objects similar to a coin, a golf ball, and a credit card. Results showed that the material used in the hand and the cables can withstand a 22 N normal grasping force, which is acceptable based on standards for accessibility design. The cost model showed that a 3D printed hand could be produced for as low as $19. For the benefit of children with congenital missing limbs and for the war-wounded, the results can serve as a baseline study to advance the development of prosthetic hands that are functional yet low-cost.

scholarly journals Uncertainty Analysis for Low-Cost Transformer-Type Inductive Conductivity Sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Yiğithan Kandur ◽  
Julius Harms ◽  
Thorsten A. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Conductivity Measurement ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Noise Shielding ◽  
Transformer Type ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost

Transformer-type inductive conductivity sensors (TICS) are the industry standard for long-term conductivity measurement in fluids. This paper analyzes the potential of TICS as a low-cost alternative to the cost-effective type of conductivity cells by an implementation with reduced complexity. Sensor characteristics and performance in comparison to high precision sensor are described in the study. Linearity and hysteresis error in measurement, reproducibility and permeability influenced by the temperature change are quantified through the experiments. The results were interpreted in regard to core material, geometric properties and noise shielding. The study presented in this paper provides a better understanding of performance and uncertainty characteristics in order to improve the design of low-cost transformer-type inductive conductivity sensors.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Miniature Counter System for Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (2A) ◽  
pp. 578-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Jelen ◽  
Mebus A Geyh
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Data Evaluation ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Age Determinations

Despite the great potential of the AMS technique for 14C dating of milligram samples, the use of multiple miniature counter systems is still promising. Investment costs are relatively low and long-term financing of age determinations can be held within bounds. We have developed a 14C dating system containing 10 miniature counters for $30,000, whereas commercial systems usually cost more than $ 150,000. Counting is not quite as good as that of the technically more sophisticated commercial systems, but the disadvantage for routine work is not significant. CO2 preparation and purification take less than 30 minutes of active work including measurement and data evaluation. The cost of one age determination on a 22mg sample is about $35.00.

scholarly journals On the new paradigm of personality in mining education

2021 ◽  
Vol 303 ◽  
pp. 01031
Author(s):  
Andrew Zykov ◽  
Anastasia Demeneva ◽  
Michal Cehlár ◽  
Juraj Janočko
Keyword(s):  
Professional Education ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Higher Professional Education ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Unstructured Information

In today’s information storm, conventionally speaking, we can distinguish two types of information: the 1st is “Hypertext” or Big Text – this is a huge array of structured and unstructured information. System comprehension of hypertext in the chosen field is a classical school, secondary or higher professional education; the 2nd is compactified knowledge, i.e. the result of the knowledge approach. Compactified knowledge is presented in a special, “condensed” form, including extensive use of infographics and other visual techniques. They can also be organized in such a way as to operate with human actions (algorithms). To a scientist, the use of compactified knowledge allows him to see better and faster the interconnections of the subject of his research with other disciplines. This is especially necessary for interdisciplinary, breakthrough research. Compactified knowledge includes, for example, checklists, which summarize to one or two pages the experience of incorrect actions in a certain situation, making it possible to avoid them. Compactification does not replace the experience of long-term learning with “hypertext”, it complements the experience of conventional education in those situations where “quick” knowledge is needed for application and where the cost of error is high. Without basic education, the effect of applying compactified knowledge may be lower. Compactified knowledge is not impoverished (reduced) knowledge, but condensed, concentrated knowledge. It is obvious that in the field of knowledge compactification demand exceeds supply, techniques and methods of its generation are in a state of formation, and generators of this knowledge are obviously not enough, which opens a wide field of activity in this direction.

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