Politics, PolicyandPoliceyas Concepts in English and Continental Languages: An Attempt to Explain Divergences

1986 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold J. Heidenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Over Time

This article explores the problem of why most Continental languages lack a term which distinguishes the concept ofpolicy, and to what extent political scientists writing in them are handicapped. It employs a diachronic approach to explore historical shifts of meaning within the “polis-family of words” in English and German, with reference also to French and other languages. The analysis is related to the manner in which the concept and term for state flourished m these languages over time, and explores why a convergence in usages of the Englishpolicyand the ContinentalPoliceywas aborted in the early nineteenth century. The bureaucratic and ideological roots of the broad Continentalpoliceconcept are traced. Then synchronic analysis is used to explore how in the contemporary setting the presence or absence of a policy term effects communication and conceptualization.

scholarly journals The Theme of Educational Transfer in Comparative Education: A View over Time

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Beech
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Education ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Educational Transfer ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

This article analyses notions of ‘transfer’ in the literature of comparative education, searching for continuities and discontinuities in the way that the process of educational transfer has been construed. The analysis shows that the theme of transfer has been fundamental in comparative education from the early nineteenth century until the present day. Although some of the questions addressed in the field since its origins are still crucial today, it is suggested in the final part of the study that these problems should now be addressed in a world in which educational space has become more complex, as supra-national and sub-national actors become increasingly important in the production and reproduction of specialised knowledge about education.

4. Taking the farther West

2014 ◽  
pp. 46-61
Author(s):  
Stephen Aron
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fur Traders ◽  
Louisiana Purchase ◽  
Over Time

By the time the last Indian removals from the First West were being carried out in the early nineteenth century, the demands of Americans for lands farther west, within and beyond the borders of the Louisiana Purchase, were creating conflicts with existing occupants and rival claimants. Over time, these claims displaced prior arrangements between fur traders and Indians. They also led to war between the United States and Mexico. ‘Taking the farther West’ describes this United States expansion, the war with Mexico, and the subsequent discovery of gold in California, which precipitated an unprecedented number of people heading to the western end of the continent. The Gold Rush had devastating consequences for the native Californian Indians.

scholarly journals A “Defect of Justice”: Congregationalism, the Calvinist Problem, and the Unitarian Solution in Sylvester Judd's Margaret

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Woods
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Moral Improvement ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Village Society ◽  
Over Time

This article contributes to a small body of criticism concerning Sylvester Judd’s 1845 novel Margaret. Largely described as a “Transcendentalist” novel that critiques the Calvinist theology prevalent in late-eighteenth-early-nineteenth century New England village society, I argue for an interpretation of the novel that is concerned the interaction between Calvinism and the Congregationalist model of social and religious organization over time. Rather than just exposing the negative social ramifications Calvinist doctrines like total depravity can have on New England society, I assert that the novel exposes the limitations in Puritan Congregationalist ideals espoused by early figures such as John Winthrop through the example of Livingston. The new Unitarian-congregationalist model Livingston adopts in discarding Calvinism suggests Judd’s resolute faith in Winthrop’s original Congregationalist mission. Judd does not imagine a radical Utopia, but instead offers a more pragmatic reform that is fundamentally Unitarian in its emphasis on humanity's essential goodness and limitless capacity for moral improvement.

Pandemonium and Order: Suretyship, Surveillance, and Taxation in Early Nineteenth-Century İstanbul

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 167-189
Author(s):  
Nalan Turna
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
State Control ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Government ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article analyzes the practice of suretyship (kefalet), surveillance and taxation in early nineteenth-century İstanbul. It deals with how the practice of suretyship functioned to achieve social control; it provided shelter for some but at the same time marginalized others with little or no social status. This article also analyzes the extent to which the state maintained order through suretyship. In this way, it intends to capture where and how state and society interacted through social and state control mechanisms. To this end, this article takes into consideration two particular events, the Greek uprising of 1821 and the abolition of the Janissary Corps in 1826, and demonstrates a growing tendency towards impersonal relations in terms of governmental practices of surveillance. Briefly, it illustrates how suretyship changed over time and how a gradual transition took place from personal to impersonal relations as well as within governmental practices. Furthermore, this article provides examples of similar practices by focusing on an institutional development that involved the government systematically accumulating knowledge about the population. Finally, it explores taxation practices by the government in order to. show how the pre-modern (contractual) and the modern (statutory) state were not substitutes for each other, but rather shaped each other.

Confession, Subscription, and Revival, c.1800–1914

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great War ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Liberal Theology ◽  
Spiritual Energy ◽  
Confessional Identity ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The Church ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 considers how Presbyterians in Ireland responded to the challenge of liberal theology and how that changed over time. Though Irish Presbyterianism remained conservative, the meaning of conservatism fluctuated between creedal distinctiveness and general evangelical principles. The discussion begins with the expansion of evangelicalism in the early nineteenth century and how this prompted a return to the Westminster Standards. The second section explores the consolidation of confessional identity in both colleges of the church and how they harnessed the spiritual energy unleashed by the 1859 revival by using the resources of the Westminster Confession and Princeton Theology to meet the challenges posed by British threats to confessional principles and subscription. The chapter concludes with a discussion of whether the Irish church suffered what some contemporaries referred to as a theological ‘downgrade’ in the decades before the outbreak of the Great War.

Tulle as Tool: Embracing the Conflict of the Ballerina as Powerhouse

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Cultural Forms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Over Time

The image and interpretation of the ballerina has shifted over time since she first took her place in the pantheon of romantic female performers in the early nineteenth century. For many, she is still romanticized, respected, and revered; in other circles, she has become suspect as a creature who may be obsessed, exploited, and retrogressive in light of the egalitarian strides women have made or are still trying to make. The female ballet dancer's basic contradiction—her ethereal exterior and her iron-willed interior—has not been sufficiently accounted for in either scheme, nor has it been woven into the kind of complex, contextualized analysis that includes practitioners who embody the form, audience members of various kinds, and the multiple, shifting locales and attitudes that surround them. As an elite art form, ballet has until recently relied on the more univocal discourse of bouquets and brickbats from critics and other specialists. In 1993, when dance anthropologist Cynthia Jean Cohen Bull called for a consideration of ballet's relationship of dance to life in ways that other cultural forms are investigated, few took up the call.

Mandatory Gun Ownership, the Militia Census of 1806, and Background Assumptions concerning the Early American Right to Arms: A Cautious Response to Robert Churchill

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-196
Author(s):  
William G. Merkel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Early America ◽  
Gun Ownership ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early American ◽  
Second Amendment ◽  
Early National ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time

In “Gun Ownership in Early America,” published in theWilliam and Mary Quarterlyin 2003, Robert Churchill drew on probate inventories and militia records to make the case that arms ownership was pervasive in late colonial, revolutionary, and early national America. Churchill concluded with the observation that “[i]t is time to ponder what these guns meant to their owners and how that meaning changed over time.” In his substantial contribution to this volume ofLaw and History Review, Churchill takes up that challenge himself and advances the claim that widespread arms ownership engendered a sense of possessory entitlement, and that this notion of right informed constitutional sensibilities respecting guns and the Second Amendment. He acknowledges that a civic republican understanding focused on the militia was central to the framers' conception of the right to arms, but urges that another stream of discourse—individualistic, personal, and divorced from militia linked obligations—was present from the beginning. By the early nineteenth century, Churchill argues, this purely private view of the right to arms had become ascendant.

scholarly journals A “Defect of Justice”: Congregationalism, the Calvinist Problem, and the Unitarian Solution in Sylvester Judd's Margaret

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Woods
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Moral Improvement ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Village Society ◽  
Over Time

This article contributes to a small body of criticism concerning Sylvester Judd’s 1845 novel Margaret. Largely described as a “Transcendentalist” novel that critiques the Calvinist theology prevalent in late-eighteenth-early-nineteenth century New England village society, I argue for an interpretation of the novel that is concerned the interaction between Calvinism and the Congregationalist model of social and religious organization over time. Rather than just exposing the negative social ramifications Calvinist doctrines like total depravity can have on New England society, I assert that the novel exposes the limitations in Puritan Congregationalist ideals espoused by early figures such as John Winthrop through the example of Livingston. The new Unitarian-congregationalist model Livingston adopts in discarding Calvinism suggests Judd’s resolute faith in Winthrop’s original Congregationalist mission. Judd does not imagine a radical Utopia, but instead offers a more pragmatic reform that is fundamentally Unitarian in its emphasis on humanity's essential goodness and limitless capacity for moral improvement.

A history of some fruit models in wax and other materials: scientific teaching aids and courtly table decorations

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-JüRgen Lechtreck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Scientific Teaching ◽  
Glass Marble ◽  
History Of ◽  
By Products ◽  
Wax Models

Two early nineteenth century texts treating the production and use of wax models of fruit reveal the history of these objects in the context of courtly decoration. Both sources emphasise the models' decorative qualities and their suitability for display, properties which were not simply by-products of the realism that the use of wax allowed. Thus, such models were not regarded merely as visual aids for educational purposes. The artists who created them sought to entice collectors of art and natural history objects, as well as teachers and scientists. Wax models of fruits are known to have been collected and displayed as early as the seventeenth century, although only one such collection is extant. Before the early nineteenth century models of fruits made from wax or other materials (glass, marble, faience) were considered worthy of display because contemporaries attached great importance to mastery of the cultivation and grafting of fruit trees. This skill could only be demonstrated by actually showing the fruits themselves. Therefore, wax models made before the early nineteenth century may also be regarded as attempts to preserve natural products beyond the point of decay.

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