Spirit of the Place and the Place of the Spirit

Southwest Finnish folklore recorded in the early twentieth century contains a wealth of legends about local spirits, residing and acting both in the wilderness and on farm premises. They belong to belief systems that express social norms and regulations. Many of the legends contain enough information to allow us to locate exactly where local spirits are said to appear or interact with people. In this paper I study these locations and their place in the structure of village society, using historical village maps. The results shed new light on the nature of borders and boundaries in folklore and vernacular belief, as well as on the view of the social meaning of local spirits. Borders and border zones are common ground between several societies, lacking a clearly defined master. In places of uncertain mastery local spirits, endowed with taboos and the authority of the surrounding societies, play a social role in regulating the activities of people on such common ground.

HIGH WOMEN'S UNOFFICIAL NAMES AND THEIR REFLECTION IN THE DIALECT PICTURE OF THE WORLD

Постановка задачи. В исследовании рассмотрению подвергаются антропонимы, репрезентирующие женщин по внешности, неполноценности, особенности речи и голоса, чертам характера, темпераменту, кулинарным предпочтениям, роду занятий, должности, отношению к работе, и их отражение в диалектной картине мира жителей небольшого посёлка Высокого Таловского района Воронежской области. В процессе работы определены своеобразные черты и характеристики образа представительниц слабого пола, которые одобряются и не одобряются в деревенском социуме. Обращение к живой народной речи, функционирующей в устах коренных селян, с целью изучения с последующим сохранением языковых материалов является актуальным, так как в ней содержится современная информация о целом поколении людей и их взаимоотношениях в коллективе. Результаты. В ходе изыскания описано 43 неофициальных имени, представленных 7 тематическими группами. Определена самая продуктивная группа - антропонимы, данные по внешности человека, и самая малочисленная - уличные именования по неполноценности. Выявлено, что 5 человек имеют по 2 прозвища, 1 женщина считается обладательницей 4 прозвищ, которые получила за особенности внешности и поведения. Установлены имена-метафоры, маркирующих их носительниц. Они репрезентируются множеством возникающих ассоциаций: со стрекозой, планетой Солнечной системы, установкой для обработки мяса или рыбы, предметом для глажения, рекой, оружием, птицей, ядовитым растением, надзорным учреждением, рок-группой и др. Функционирующие антропонимы выражены существительными и прилагательными, образованы двумя способами: суффиксальным и сложением основ. С помощью рассмотренных лексических единиц представлен идеальный женский образ с присущими ему чертами. Продемонстрированы качества его антипода. Выводы. Осуществлённое исследование определило использование в народном языке своеобразных уличных именований женщин, являющихся частью диалектной картины мира высочан. Она подчинена определённым условным нормам и правилам, известным только местным жителям, разработанным ими самими для удобства в межличностном общении. Отражение картины мира через прозвища свидетельствует о богатом лексическом запасе, воображении и фантазии диалектоносителей. Она раскрывает и состояние местного говора в наше время - живого, активно развивающегося, самобытного. Мир всех и каждого в отдельности, естественность и простота - таково содержание картины мира деревенского человека. Представленное изыскание дополняет имеющиеся немногочисленные работы воронежских лингвистов-диалектологов и ономастов и вносит вклад в изучение местной антропонимики. Statement of the problem. The study examines the anthroponyms that represent women in appearance, inferiority, speech and voice, character traits, temperament, culinary preferences, occupation, position, attitude to work, and their reflection in the dialectal picture of the world of the inhabitants of the small village of Vysoky Talovsky district of the Voronezh region In the process of work, the peculiar features and characteristics of the image of the fairer sex were determined, which are approved and disapproved in the village society. The appeal to the living folk speech, functioning in the mouths of the indigenous villagers, with the aim of studying with the subsequent preservation of linguistic materials, is relevant, since it contains modern information about a whole generation of people and their relationships in the team. Results. During the survey, 43 unofficial names were described, represented by 7 thematic groups. The most productive group has been identified - anthroponyms, data on a person's appearance, and the smallest - street naming for inferiority. It was revealed that 5 people have 2 nicknames, 1 woman is considered the owner of 4 nicknames, which she received for features of appearance and behavior. The names-metaphors, marking their carriers, have been established. They are represented by a multitude of emerging associations: with a dragonfly, a planet of the solar system, an installation for processing meat or fish, an ironing object, a river, a weapon, a bird, a poisonous plant, a supervisory institution, a rock band, etc. Functioning anthroponyms are expressed by nouns and adjectives, formed in two ways: suffix and base addition. With the help of the considered lexical units, an ideal female image with its inherent features is presented. The qualities of its antipode are demonstrated. Conclusion. The carried out research has determined the use in the folk language of the peculiar street names of women, which are part of the dialectal picture of the world of Vysochan. It is subject to certain conventional norms and rules, known only to local residents, developed by themselves for convenience in interpersonal communication. The reflection of the picture of the world through nicknames testifies to the rich vocabulary, imagination and fantasy of dialect carriers. It also reveals the state of the local dialect in our time - living, actively developing, original. The world of each and every one individually, naturalness and simplicity - such is the content of the picture of the world of a village man. The presented research supplements the few available works of Voronezh linguists-dialectologists and onomasts and contributes to the study of local anthroponymy.

The Urgency of Village Mediation Institution as a Mechanism for Dispute Resolution: The Case of Wukirsari Village in the Special Region of Yogyakarta

This research discusses an important issue in the rural administration, that is the urgency of institution transformation of the status and position of the Village Head in dispute resolution among villagers. The purpose of this research is to highlight the urgency of institutionalization of dispute resolution through the Village Mediation Institution. The first concern is to find the status and legal basis of the Institution; the second is to describe the urgency of establishing this institution as a dispute resolution mechanism among villagers; and the third is to build the model or system that matches with the condition in Wukirsari. The research method used was a normative-empirical-concept and the data were analyzed qualitatively to be presented as a descriptive-prescriptive analysis. The result of this research shows that there is an urgency for Wukirsari Village government to form a Village Mediation Institution due to socio-geographic considerations and also as an implementation of Article 26 paragraph (4) letter K of Village Law No. 6 of 2014. The Village Mediation Institution in Wukirsari Village should consist of a balance composition between the elements of Village Government and professionals so that it will become an effective and efficient institution in resolving disputes among the members of Wukirsari Village society.

Bentuk-Bentuk Modernisasi Pertanian di Desa Teamusu Kecamatan Ulaweng Kabupaten Bone Sulawesi Selatan

Modernization of agricultural is a change which occurs in the society from various phases in the agricultural process, starting from using traditional simple tools to using modern tools. This research aimed to analyze what forms of agricultural modernization which exist in Teamusu Village, Ulaweng District, Bone, South Sulawesi. The research method used was descriptive qualitative. The informants of this research were some various elements of the society in Teamusu Village. Data collection techniques in this research including observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the forms of agricultural modernization in the Teamusu Village society included various aspects or phases of the agricultural procession, from land management to the post-production phase, which led to the significant changes. However, not all the lines had changed completely, but only some of it that had been touched by modernization. The existence of this modernization had a positive impact on the society, especially on the energy efficiency and the level of society welfare which was getting better.

Bentuk-Bentuk Modernisasi Pertanian di Desa Teamusu Kecamatan Ulaweng Kabupaten Bone Sulawesi Selatan

Modernization of agricultural is a change which occurs in the society from various phases in the agricultural process, starting from using traditional simple tools to using modern tools. This research aimed to analyze what forms of agricultural modernization which exist in Teamusu Village, Ulaweng District, Bone, South Sulawesi. The research method used was descriptive qualitative. The informants of this research were some various elements of the society in Teamusu Village. Data collection techniques in this research including observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the forms of agricultural modernization in the Teamusu Village society included various aspects or phases of the agricultural procession, from land management to the post-production phase, which led to the significant changes. However, not all the lines had changed completely, but only some of it that had been touched by modernization. The existence of this modernization had a positive impact on the society, especially on the energy efficiency and the level of society welfare which was getting better.

MANAJEMEN PENINGKATAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT MELALUI BUDIDAYA KERANG HIJAU DALAM PRESPEKTIF MAQOSID SYARIAH

The economic management of the majority Campurejo village society relies on shellfish aquaculture. They implement shellfish rearing business practice by installing bamboo into the sea in order to catch the shell easier. Shellfish aquaculture is considered as a very promising occupation because it is highly profitable. Campurejo people formerly are categorized as a lower-middle economic society.Phenomenological approach is used as the research method in this study. Moreover, this research uses empirical data with primary data taken from in-depth interviews with several parties which are involved in green shellfish aquaculture activities and the secondary data obtained from many references related to maqashid syariah and others. The data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation. In the data analysis aspect, it is through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, verification and conclusion. The author then uses a data triangulation method in order to test the validity of the data.The results shows good economic management in green shellfish aquaculture will lead to profit which has increased the community's economy and at the same time has a chain effect on the economy in terms of education, health, religiosity and child upbringing. The benefits of shellfish aquaculture aside from providing special impacts, also provide general impacts by opening up jobs and helping the underprivileged people. The variety benefits of green shellfish aquaculture has relevance to the spirit of the sharia which intends to prosper the community. Looking at the aquaculture process and the results associated with the implementation of maqasid syariah through the media of maslahah mursalah, it has been in accordance with the implementation requirements. Along these lines, green shellfish aquaculture is a business practice that is actually accommodated in the unwritten scope of sharia.

Kesetaraan Hak Warga Kolok sebagai Wujud Integrasi Sosial Warga Desa Bengkala

Deaf mute villager in Bengkala village is called as kolok villager. In Bengkala Village, kolok villager as disabled community is not getting discriminated by society. This research intend to study about equality rights for kolok villager in Bengkala Village. Theory used in this study is Functionalism Structural Talcott Parsons. The research method are interview and observation. The result shows that kolok villager are accepted by Bengkala Village society. Because basically normal villager and kolok villager are related. The equality rights are art right, education right, economy right, and voting right.

Shaming Microloan Delinquents: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China

We study the effects of village credit information sharing on individual microloan repayment, using a randomized experiment with loan applicants from 40 villages in rural China. In our main treatment, customers received a message on the loan application form that “overdue payment (40 days after each installment due date) will be considered for public disclosure among the village by showing debtors’ names on a blackboard outside the village office of the microlending institution.” On average, this social appeal reduces the share of delinquents and the individual delinquency rate by 18.6% and 5.6% from baseline rates of 79.5% and 15.2%, respectively. The effects appear more pronounced among male and older borrowers. Additional treatments help to benchmark the effect against lender credit information sharing and separate the effects on adverse selection and moral hazard. Mechanism analysis shows that the publicly disclosed “blacklist” of delinquents affects borrowers’ repayment behaviors, partially through borrowers’ fear of losing informal risk insurance from the village society and predominately through public shaming penalties. Overall, these results support that, in traditional societies, social appeals can provide not only pecuniary, but also psychological incentives to improve loan repayment. Psychological incentives, to some extent, have stronger effects.

Discrimination and Exclusion Against Marginal Castes and Tribes in Educational Institutions: An Empirical Analysis of Bondaguda Primary School

Dalits are unable to enjoy their rights under the Indian Constitution. Though they are original residents of India, they are still treated as untouchables. This article sheds light on how discrimination at the primary school level in the mid-day meal (MDM) scheme is reinforcing the caste system. The school is supposed to be a prime site of democratic institution where the child could have a non-discriminative environment. But the MDMs cooked by Dalit cooks are not eaten by children of upper castes and tribes, thus grossly contradicting such claims. The study is based on primary as well as secondary sources. It shows that children from an early age are moulded into perpetuating the discriminatory mindset of the caste-ridden village society. This article is an attempt to analyse the violence against the Dalit cooks in the Bondaguda village.