From Pluralism to Liberalism: Rereading Isaiah Berlin

2010 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella Myers
Keyword(s):  
Value Pluralism ◽  
Human Judgment ◽  
Moral Foundation ◽  
Isaiah Berlin ◽  
Interpretive Approach ◽  
Local Norms ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between pluralism and liberalism has been at the center of recent considerations of Isaiah Berlin's thought. In particular, liberal theorists have asked whether the value pluralism Berlin endorses actually undermines his liberalism. A common interpretive approach resolves this problem by presenting Berlin's pluralism as “limited” rather than “radical,” and therefore capable of serving as a moral foundation authorizing liberalism. I challenge this re-construction of Berlin's work, arguing that such readings are premised on a conception of judgment Berlin does not share. While many of his readers believe that a judgment on behalf of liberalism requires the identification of a transcontextual ground, Berlin invites us to see human judgment as a meaningful practice that occurs in the absence of absolutes yet does not simply mirror local norms. Berlin's defense of liberalism models this kind of judgment—a judgment that is neither mandated, nor ruled out, by pluralism.

A Liberal Pluralism: Isaiah Berlin and John Stuart Mill

2013 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Zakaras
Keyword(s):  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Value Pluralism ◽  
Isaiah Berlin ◽  
Liberal Pluralism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ways Of Life

AbstractThe essay explores the relationship between value pluralism, as Isaiah Berlin understood it, and liberalism. It consists of two main parts. In the first part, I argue that value pluralism does not entail liberalism, and I criticize two philosophers—William Galston and George Crowder—who believe that it does. In the second, I reconstruct and defend Isaiah Berlin's own understanding of this relationship, drawing on an essay that is often neglected by Berlin's interpreters: “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life.” Berlin thought that the relationship between value pluralism and liberalism was largely psychological. He believed that those who embraced value pluralism would be more likely to affirm liberal institutions, because they would be more likely to exhibit certain virtues—notably empathy, imagination, and openness to other ways of life—that typically motivate tolerance.

scholarly journals The Value-Pluralism and Liberalism Problem Revisited

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Polanowska - Sygulska
Keyword(s):  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Value Pluralism ◽  
Isaiah Berlin ◽  
John Gray ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Is Value

This article tackles one of the most burning issues discussed by adherents of the dynamically developing movement in ethics which bears on political and legal philosophy, that is value-pluralism. In particular, the article is devoted to an investigation into the highly controversial issue of the relationship between pluralism and liberalism, based upon the three crucial, divergent approaches represented by Isaiah Berlin and his two main opponents, John Gray and George Crowder. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the two concepts in question are neither mutually exclusive nor logically connected, but actually overlapping, which signifies the existence of a loose, de facto connection between them. Such a final thesis proves to be consistent with the position of Isaiah Berlin, and contrary to the final statements endorsed by his critics, John Gray and George Crowder.

Democracy and Value Pluralism

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Galston
Keyword(s):  
Charles Taylor ◽  
Martha Nussbaum ◽  
Value Pluralism ◽  
Bernard Williams ◽  
Moral Pluralism ◽  
Thomas Nagel ◽  
Isaiah Berlin ◽  
John Gray ◽  
Stuart Hampshire ◽  
The Relationship

My intention in this essay is to open up a question I cannot fully resolve: the relationship between democracy and value pluralism. By “value pluralism” I mean the view propounded so memorably by the late Isaiah Berlin and developed in various ways by thinkers including Stuart Hampshire, Steven Lukes, Thomas Nagel, Martha Nussbaum, Michael Stocker, Bernard Williams, Charles Taylor, John Kekes, and John Gray, among others. I shall define and discuss this view in some detail in Section III. For now, suffice it to say that value pluralism is the view that what we (rightly) value in our lives turns out to be multiple, heterogeneous, not reducible to a common measure, and not hierarchically ordered with a single dominant value or set of values binding on all persons in all circumstances. I use the phrase “value pluralism” rather than “moral pluralism” to indicate that this view encompasses nonmoral as well as moral goods.

Isaiah Berlin

2018 ◽  
pp. 164-184
Author(s):  
Seyla Benhabib
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Value Pluralism ◽  
Isaiah Berlin ◽  
Civic Republicanism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Judith Shklar ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter analyzes Isaiah Berlin's work, stating that the relationship of liberalism to Berlin's value pluralism remains fraught, as does the question whether value pluralism can avoid relativism. Notably, Judith Shklar and Berlin admired each other and shared a skeptical temperament as well as a dedication to the study of the history of ideas as the indispensable method of pursuing political philosophy in their time. Neither shared Hannah Arendt's conviction that the legacy of failed revolutions could only be countered by the activist civic republicanism of self-governing communities. The chapter also contextualizes the varying views of Berlin's work and persona through the prism of Max Weber's doctrine of value pluralism.

Value Pluralism and Monotheism

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-840
Author(s):  
George Crowder
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Value Pluralism ◽  
Isaiah Berlin ◽  
A Value ◽  
Religious Accommodation ◽  
Pluralist Approach

AbstractHow far can monotheism be reconciled with the pluralism characteristic of modern societies? In this article, I focus on the “value pluralism” of Isaiah Berlin, which I suggest captures a deeper level of plurality than Rawls's more familiar version of pluralism. However, some critics have objected that Berlinian pluralism is too controversial an idea in which to ground liberalism because it is profoundly at odds with the monotheism professed by so many citizens of a modern society. I argue that monotheists can be value pluralists as long as they do not insist that their faith is superior to all others. This pluralist position is exemplified by elements of the interfaith movement, according to which many religions are recognized as having roughly equal value. I also argue that a value-pluralist approach to religious accommodation, if it can be achieved, may be more stable than the uneasy combination of disapproval and restraint involved in the more orthodox solution to conflict among religions, toleration.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL LAW AND CORPORATE LAW

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-47
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Kozhevnikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Corporate Law ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Local Law ◽  
Local Norms ◽  
State Organizations ◽  
The Relationship

This research article, as the title suggests, is devoted to the general theoretical problem of the relationship between local legal norms and corporate norms. In the conditional first part of the study, local law norms are analysed, including from a historical perspective. Noting that the problem of local regulation has been the focus of attention of Soviet scientists (N.G. Ale-xandrov, R.I. Kondratyev, S.S. Karinsky, F.M. Leviant, L.I. Antonova), it is emphasized that local acts were originally understood as the result of rulemaking organizations, enterprises, institutions in the field of labour relations. An analysis of modern legal educational literature shows that scientists, when classifying the norms of law, either do not mention the existence of local norms of law at all, or show insufficient attention to their analysis, limiting them-selves to a few phrases. In doing so, authors often unreasonably fail to distinguish between local and departmental legal regulation or local and local legal regulation. Analyzing the types and essential features of local legal acts: their volitional content, intra-organizational character, bylaw nature, dynamism and stability, multiple application, duration of existence, compulsory for the addressees of norms, maintaining by the coercive power of the state, the author rightly states that all local acts arise by direct instruction of law, indicating that on a given issue This assertion is supported by examples of labour law and education law. By focusing on local labour law norms, the necessity of their adoption is justi-fied, and mandatory local law norms are analysed. It is thought that one of the current problems concerning local rules of law is their rela-tionship to corporate rules. It is the fact that many authors unreasonably refer to the norms of individual state organisations, i.e. local norms of law, as corporate norms. The author takes the position that corporate norms are rules of conduct established and provided by non-state organizations (political parties, public organizations, non-state institutions and enterprises, etc.) and apply to their members; they are contained in the statutes, regulations and other regulations of non-state organizations and determine the formation of these organizations, their structure, competence, rights, duties and responsibilities of their members. Moreover, the paper defends the view that corporate norms include, first, non-social cor-porate norms: technical norms; sanitary and hygienic norms; physiological norms; biological norms; second, social corporate norms: corporate customs, traditions, aesthetic, business customs, legal norms. In conclusion, it is argued that, although both local legal norms and corporate norms are intra-organisational in nature, they should be distinguished. Moreover, corporate norms, which have both technical and social aspects, should also be seen as having a legal aspect, implying the presence of corporate law norms.

Freedom and Money

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Poor People ◽  
Isaiah Berlin ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explains a disagreement that Cohen had with his teacher and friend, Isaiah Berlin, about freedom and, more particularly, about the relationship between freedom and money. Contrary to the very influential things that Isaiah wrote, Cohen argues that lack of money, poverty, carries with it lack of freedom. He regards this as an overwhelmingly obvious truth, one that is worth defending only because it has been so influentially denied. While lack of money, poverty, is not the only circumstance that restricts a person's freedom, it is one of them, and one of the most important of them. To put the point more precisely—there are lots of things that, because they are poor, poor people are not free to do, things that nonpoor people are, by contrast, indeed free to do.

Key audit matters: insight from audit experts

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Segal
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Interpretive Approach ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Audit Reports ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Complete Account

Purpose Key audit matters (KAM) and their impact on the auditor is a relatively understudied area. The purpose of this study is to analyse whether auditors perceive that the recent requirement for auditors of listed companies to report KAMs has enhanced the transparency of audit reports or not, what additional risks they now face, how the risk is being managed and its impact on the relationship with their clients. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses an interpretive approach for detailed interviews with some of South Africa’s leading audit experts to highlight their perspective of the impact of KAM on audit reporting and the audit environment. Findings The experts have various perceptions of what makes a matter “key”. These vary from materiality, to subjectivity and difficulty, as well as incorporating a time-based consideration. Concerns identified include a significant increase in cost and an increase in potential liability, triggering the need for thorough internal risk management policies. The audit experts conclude that KAM has ultimately failed to achieve its goal of greater transparency, with clients virtually ignoring KAM reports. Research limitations/implications The research relies on a relatively small sample of subject experts and may not provide a complete account of the view of all audit professionals and KAM reports issued. It analyses the impact of KAM from the preparers’ perspective. Originality/value This study contributes to the research conducted in this topical area. Although there has been research on KAM focusing on pre-implementation consequences, there is virtually no formal academic research on the impact KAM has had on audit partners and firms in South Africa post implementation. It may also serve as a basis for the IAASB to consider going forward.

scholarly journals Emotionalisierung des Sprechens durch Metaphorik, Beispiel: metaphorische Ausdrücke mit dem Wort „Ventil”

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
Edyta Błachut
Keyword(s):  
The Press ◽  
Interpretive Approach ◽  
The Relationship

The present paper deals with the relationship between language, emotion and metaphor, theoretically and based on sets of examples. Firstly, I am going to discuss how emotions shape the language we use (based on the works of Fiehler 1990, Schwarz-Friesel 2007, Ortner 2014 and Ebert/Gruber/Meisnitzer/Rettinger (eds.) 2011) and what the role of metaphors in descriptions of emotions is (based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Kövecses 1999). Secondly, using examples from the press I am going to show how the emotions of i.a. rage, irritation or frustration can be made verbal in a metaphorical sense. For this purpose, German metaphorical expressions with the noun Ventil ‘valve’ will be examined. I am using a descriptive-interpretive approach in my analysis.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Flipped Learning And Pupils’ Performance: A Reflection On Alternative Philosophical Underpinnings

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-114
Author(s):  
Ismail Mohammed Noriey ◽  
Mohammad Sedigh Javanmiri
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Flipped Learning ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Interpretive Approach ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Data Collection Procedure

This research paper investigates the significance of the relationship between flipped learning and pupils’ academic performance in secondary schools in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq especially with a focus on alternative philosophical underpinnings. Undoubtedly, the significance of this study in the field of educational research bubbles over with controversies. Professional researchers/teachers’ disagreements about what happens in schools emanate from the difference in philosophical lenses employed in understanding phenomena, divergent visions regarding the purpose of schooling, and what constitutes an ideal society and cultural differences.  This research attempts to understand teachers’ perception of reality in classrooms and fathoms the relationship between flipped learning and pupil’s academic performance, engagement and achievement. The research methodology employed has focused on mixed methods that allow the data analysis to adopt an interpretive approach and attempted to address the research questions by developing a structured observation and a questionnaire to facilitate the data collection procedure. The findings show that alternative philosophical underpinnings bear profound effects on pupils’ learning: teachers and the epistemologies and ontologies employed to understand reality in classrooms significantly impact flipped learning and pupils’ academic performance. The results suggest that these implications share common critical statements found in the related literature reviews that also indicate reflections on alternative philosophical underpinnings.

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