The conjugation of the Tangut verb

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenia Borisovna Kepping
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Intransitive Verb ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Verbal Agreement

The data and analyses of Tangut verbal morphology which I have presented (1979b, 1981, 1982, 1985) represent the cumulative result of more than twenty years of research of Tangut texts. It is with great regret that I saw my analyses misunderstood (LaPolla, 1992). In order to clarify my view on the Tangut verbal agreement, I feel compelled to give a succinct account of the phenomena causing so much controversy in the Tibeto-Burman linguistic literature.The Tangut verb shows agreement for person and number of actant. The three overt agreement morphemes are <-ŋa2> (first person singular), <-na2> (second person singular) and <-ni2> (first and second person plural). The Tangut verb shows overt agreement only with first and second person actant. Third person involvement is marked by zero. A Tangut intransitive verb agrees with the subject, i.e. the ‘intransitive subject’. The two rules for the distribution of the overt agreement markers in the transitive verb as formulated in my Tangut grammar (Kepping, 1985: 233–4) are: (1) If one and no more than one of the actants is a first or second person, then the verb will overtly agree with that actant regardless of its syntactic role, and (2) if a transitive verb has two non-third person actants, the verb will agree with the grammatical patient or ‘transitive object’.

Subject and adjacency effects in the Old Northumbrian gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCELLE COLE
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Lindisfarne Gospels ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Third Person

The subject and adjacency effects found to condition the distribution of present verbal morphology in northern Middle English, and commonly referred to as the Northern Subject Rule (NSR), are generally regarded to be an Early Middle English development that did not condition the distribution of verbal morphology in northern varieties of Old English (Isaac 2003; Pietsch 2005; de Haas 2008; de Haas & van Kemenade 2015). Using data taken from the tenth-century interlinear gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels, this study considers variation between the present-tense markers -ð and -s in Late Old Northumbrian and discusses evidence which indicates that the subject and adjacency effects at the crux of the NSR were already operative in Old Northumbrian with different morphological material. The findings also debunk the traditional conviction that -s spread first to second-person plural contexts and only subsequently to the third-person plural and singular (Holmqvist 1922; Blakeley 1949/50; Stein 1986).

The Role of Frequency in First-Person Plural Variation in Brazilian Portuguese: Nós vs. a gente

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Travis ◽  
Agripino S. Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
First Person ◽  
Second Person ◽  
High Type ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The People ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
First Person Plural

AbstractThis paper investigates the conditioning of the variation between two first-person plural forms in contemporary spoken Brazilian Portuguese, an older pronoun nós used with first-person plural agreement and a newer pronoun a gente, derived from an NP meaning ‘the people’, used with third-person singular agreement. This is part of a broader change in the language involving the breakdown of verbal agreement as third-person marking extends to the domains of first- and second-person. We consider the conditioning of use of these forms in spoken Brazilian Portuguese from Fortaleza and uncover a phenomenon that as yet has not been noted in relation to this variation, namely frequency. We find that the high type frequency of a gente contributes to the spreading use of this form, and the high token frequency of nós in specific constructions slows it down. We predict that these highly frequent constructions (such as nos temos ‘we have’, digamos ‘let’s say’ and vamos + V-INF ‘let’s V’) may remain a last vestige of nós in Brazilian Portuguese as a gente comes to take over the realm of first-person plural.

Borrowing non-canonical inverse between Kabardian and Abaza

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-173
Author(s):  
Peter M. Arkadiev
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
First Person ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intransitive Verbs ◽  
Person Hierarchy ◽  
Distant Relative

Abaza, a polysynthetic ergative Northwest Caucasian language, shares with its neighbour and distant relative Kabardian a typologically peculiar use of the deictic directional prefixes monitoring the relative ranking of the subject and indirect object on the person hierarchy. In both languages, the cislocative (‘hither’) prefixes are used if the indirect object outranks the subject on the person hierarchy, and the translocative (‘thither’) prefixes are used in combinations of first person subjects with second person singular indirect objects. This pattern, reminiscent of the more familiar inverse marking and hence called ‘quasi-inverse’, is observed with ditransitive and bivalent intransitive verbs and is almost fully redundant, since all participants are unequivocally indexed on verbs by pronominal prefixes. I argue that this isogloss, shared by West Circassian (a close relative to Kabardian) but not with Abkhaz, the sister-language of Abaza, is a result of pattern replication under intense language contact, which has led to an increase of both paradigmatic and syntagmatic complexity of Abaza verbal morphology.

scholarly journals Intra-paradigmatic variation in Eleme verbal agreement

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Bond
Keyword(s):  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Serial Verb Constructions ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Serial Verb ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

Mismatches in the morphosyntactic features of controllers and targets in the Eleme (Ogonoid, Niger-Congo) participant reference system allow for a subject agreement paradigm in which the person of the grammatical subject is indicated by a verbal prefix, while plural number is marked by a suffix on different targets — either lexical verbs or auxiliaries — based on the person value of the controller. I examine the distribution of Eleme ‘Default Subject’ agreement affixes and the intra-paradigmatic asymmetry found between second-person plural and third-person plural subjects in Auxiliary Verb Constructions (AVC) and Serial Verb Constructions (SVC). I argue that the criteria by which the various agreement affixes select an appropriate morphological host can be modelled in terms of agreement prerequisites even when distributional variation is paradigm internal.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DEIKSIS DALAM BAHASA GORONTALO

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
Aryati Hamzah ◽  
William I. S. Mooduto ◽  
Imam Mashudi
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Third Person

This research aims to describe the use of deixis in Gorontalo Language. This research was conducted in two stages namely the stage of preparation and implementation of the research. This research was conducted for 1 year. The result of the research showed that the form and meaning of deixis are person deixis, time and place. Persona deixis is divided into several types is deixis of first-person singular (wa’u ‘1sg’, watiya ‘1sg’), deixis of the first person plural (ami ‘1pl.excl’), deixis of the second person singular (yi’o ‘2sg’, tingoli ‘2sg’), deixis of the second person plural (tingoli ‘2pl’, timongoli ‘2pl’), and deixis of the third person singular (tio ‘3sg’) and timongolio ‘3pl’ as a deixis of the third person plural. Whereas, deixis of place are teye, teyamai ‘here’, tetomota ‘there’ this means to show the location of the room and the place of conversation or interlocutor. Deixis time among others yindhie ‘today’, lombu ‘tomorrow’, olango ‘yesterday’, dumodupo ‘morning’, mohulonu ‘afternoon’, hui ‘night’ which have the meaning to show the time when the speech or sentence is being delivered.

scholarly journals BENTUK DAN PENGGUNAAN PRONOMINA PERSONA BAGI MAHASISWA STKIP BANJARMASIN (THE FORM AND USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS BY STKIP STUDENT IN BANJARMASIN)

Kadera Bahasa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Suryatin
Keyword(s):  
Short Form ◽  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
Full Form ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
The Third Person

This study discusses the forms and variations in the use of personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin. The purpose of this study is to describe the forms and variations in the use personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data collection is obtained by observation techniques, see, and record. Research data are in the form the speech used by STKIP students in Banjarmasin, Department of PBSID (Local or Indonesian Language and Literature Education). The results show that the using personal pronouns are three forms, namely the first person, second person, and third person. Based on the type of reference personal pronoun used by STKIP students in Banjarmasin are singular and plural pronoun.When it is viewed from the morphological distribution, there are a full form and a short form. The short forms are usually used in proclitic (appears before its host) and also enclitic (appear after its host). Personal pronouns used by the students in their speech are varied. Although they are in Banjar, they do not only use personal pronouns in Banjar language, a part of the students use the first person singular pronoun gue ‘aku’. Personal pronouns in Banjar language used by the STKIP students in Banjarmasin are the first person singular pronoun, ulun, unda, sorang, saurang and aku. First person singular pronoun aku has some variations –ku and ku- that are bound morpheme. First person plural is kami and kita. The second person pronouns are pian, ikam, nyawa, and kamu. Meanwhile, the third person singular pronouns are Inya and Sidin. The third person plural pronoun is bubuhannya. The use of personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin are dominantly consist of five speech components only that are based on the situation, the partner, the intent, the content of the message, and how the speaker tells the speech.

scholarly journals PERSONAL DEIXIS AS ADDRESSING SYSTEM TO EXPRESS SOLIDARITY AT CAMPUS COMMUNITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-29
Author(s):  
Winantu Kurnianingtyas SriAgung
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Campus Community ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Campus Environment ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Third Person

This research investigates personal deixis that indicate solidarity in campus environment. Students and lecturers conversation transcription were collected and analyzed by the researcher to identify the types of personal pronoun that commonly used to pointer the participants. The result showed that there were three kinds of pronoun used commonly by the participants and those indicate close relationship among others such as first person singular, second person singular, and third person plural. The finding revealed that the second person singular of bro, sist, and jeng are common in pointing speakers’ audience. Eventhough, those become slang language in society. The implication of this research suggested for other types of pronoun to be exist in campus environment and indicate power.

My Pronoun, ’tis of Thee

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
Allan Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
American South ◽  
First Person ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The American South ◽  
Further Development

Chapter 8 interrupts the narrative to explain the importance of the further development of “Guy” to “guy” or “guys.” It tells about the second-person personal pronouns of English from Old English times, a thousand years ago, to the present. These are words we regularly use in speech and writing: first-person singular “I” and plural “we,” third person “he, she, it” and “they,” and then the second person, which happens to have undergone major changes in the past few centuries. Originally the second-person singular was “thou,” the plural “you.” But then, like several other European languages, the second-person plural was seen as more polite than “thou,” so “you” became second-person singular too. That was fine, except now a listener couldn’t tell whether a speaker was referring just to the listener or to the whole group. So with “you” solidly entrenched as second-person singular, a substitute had to be found for second-person plural. One possibility was “y’all,” still preferred in the American South, but that can be used for the singular too. Eventually, while the vacancy remained empty two centuries later, a successful substitution emerged, none other than the “guys” most of use as second-person plural today.

Using sociostylistic variants in advanced French interlanguage

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 205-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Dewaele
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Target Language ◽  
First Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Formal Instruction ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
Accuracy Rates ◽  
Written Corpus

This study investigates the use of pronouns nous and a subgroup of on in a corpus of advanced oral and written French interlanguage produced by 32 Dutch L1 speakers. The subject nous + first person plural verb is characteristic of formal styles while on + third person singular verb is typical of informal styles. A quantitative analysis of the oral corpus revealed that the amount of authentic interaction, but not the amount of formal instruction, in the target language is significantly related to the choice of on. Its use correlated with morpholexical accuracy rates, fluency, omission of ne in negations and use of colloquial vocabulary. A similar analysis of the written corpus revealed equal proportions of on, which suggests that as a group, the learners had not yet completely acquired the constraints on this variable.

scholarly journals PRONOMINA BAHASA KOMERING

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Rahmat Muhidin
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Indefinite Pronouns

Penelitian ini  bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk pronomina persona, pronomina penunjuk, dan pronomina penanya dalam bahasa Komering. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan melalui metode simak, cakap, dan intropeksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga pronomina bahasa Komering di Baturaja Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu (1) pronomina persona; (2) pronomina penunjuk; dan (3) pronomina penanya. Pronomina persona dalam bahasa Komering adalah (a) pronomina persona pertama tunggal (b) pronomina persona pertama jamak (c) pronomina persona kedua tunggal, (d) pronomina persona kedua jamak, (e) pronomina persona ketiga tunggal, dan (f) pronomina persona ketiga jamak. Sedangkan Pronomina penunjuk dalam bahasa Komering adalah (a) pronomina penunjuk umum, (b) pronomina penunjuk tempat, (c) pronomina penunjuk ihwal.Kata Kunci: Pronomina, deskriptif, dan bahasa Komering AbstractThis research aims to describe personal pronouns, indifinite pronouns, and interrogative pronouns in Komering language. This research used descriptive method. The data were collected through listening, speaking, and instrospection method. The result of the research shaws that these are three pronouns in Komering language in the Baturaraja Ogan Komering Ulu Regency (1) personal pronouns, (2) indefinite pronouns, (3) interrogativa pronouns. Personal pronouns in Komering language are (a) first person singular, (b) first person plural, (c) second person singular, (d) second person plural, (e) third person singular, and (f) third person plural indefinite pronouns in Komering language are (a) common indifinite pronouns, (b) place indefinite .pronouns, (c) interpretation pronouns.Keywords: Pronouns, decsriptive, Komering language. 

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