Germination of Cutleaf Groundcherry (Physalis angulata), Smooth Groundcherry (Physalis virginiana), and Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Factors that govern the germination of cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulataL. # PHYAN), smooth groundcherry [Physalis virginianavar.subglabrata(Mackenz. and Bush) Waterfall # PHYSU], and eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun. # SOLPT) were evaluated. Maximum germination of all three species occurred at a constant 30 C or alternating temperature regimes that included 30 C. Seed of all species germinated in light and dark, but germination was reduced in the dark. Germination and seedling vigor of all species decreased as substrate pH decreased. Cutleaf groundcherry seed were slightly less sensitive than seed of other species to simulated moisture stress. All species produced 90% or more viable seed by 8 weeks after anthesis.

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Distribution and Biology of Two Nightshades (Solanumspp.) in Minnesota

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500059476 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 529-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Laura S. Quakenbush ◽

Robert N. Andersen

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Common Species ◽

Viable Seed ◽

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Hairy Nightshade ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Southern Half ◽

Viable Seeds

Two species of annual nightshades were commonly found as agronomic weeds in Minnesota. Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun.), the most common species, was found throughout the southern half of the state. Hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoidesSendt. ♯3SOLSA) was found only in a few scattered locations. Eastern black nightshade seedling emergence began in mid-April or early May, and more than 80% of the total yearly emergence occurred before June. Hairy nightshade emergence began in May, but less than 70% of its total yearly emergence occurred before June. Eastern black nightshade berries first contained viable seeds 4 to 5 weeks after flowering of the plants and a week or more before the berries began to turn black. Hairy nightshade generally required a week longer than eastern black nightshade for viable seed production after flowering.

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Row Spacing and Seeding Rate Effects on Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum Ptycanthum) and Soybean

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-04-220.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 124-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Adrienne M. Rich ◽

Karen A. Renner

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Field Studies ◽

Production Costs ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Rate Effects

Reducing seeding rates in 19- or 76-cm row soybean below the optimum rate may reduce soybean competitiveness with weeds, and indirectly increase production costs to the grower. Field studies in 2001 and 2002 evaluated the effect of soybean seeding rate and row spacing on the emergence, growth, and competitiveness of eastern black nightshade (EBN) in soybean. EBN emergence ceased within 45 d after planting (DAP), and was similar across soybean seeding rates and row spacing. EBN control by glyphosate was not affected by soybean population or row spacing. Soybean planted in 19-cm rows was more competitive with EBN, regardless of seeding rate. Increasing the soybean seeding rate in 76-cm rows from 185,000 seeds/ha to 432,000 seeds/ha reduced EBN dry weight threefold at East Lansing and nearly twofold at Clarksville in 2002. There was no increase in EBN density or dry weight in 19-cm row soybean planted at 308,000 seeds/ha compared with 556,000 seeds/ha, whereas a seeding rate of 432,000 seeds/ha in 76-cm row soybean did not suppress EBN dry weight or increase soybean yield in the presence of EBN compared with a seeding rate of 308,000 seeds/ha.

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Characterization of Acifluorfen Tolerance in Selected Somaclones of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500051821 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 408-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chang-Yeon Yu ◽

John B. Masiunas

Keyword(s):

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade

Acifluorfen tolerance in eastern black nightshade somaclones was characterized in two experiments. One experiment determined the involvement of absorption, translocation, and metabolism in acifluorfen tolerance. Less than 6% of the applied14C-acifluorfen was absorbed. There were no differences in acifluorfen absorption between susceptible and tolerant somaclones. More14C-acifluorfen was translocated in the susceptible than the tolerant somaclones. The susceptible somaclone did not metabolize acifluorfen while some somaclones (i.e., EBN-3A) metabolized14C-acifluorfen. A second experiment determined the tolerance of the somaclones to oxyfluorfen, diquat, and paraquat Most acifluorfen-tolerant somaclones were tolerant to oxyfluorfen but were susceptible to diquat and paraquat One somaclone, EBN-3A, was extremely tolerant to acifluorfen, paraquat, and diquat.

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Water and Temperature Stress Impact Fitness of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase–Inhibiting Herbicide-Resistant Populations of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptychanthum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-10-00126.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 341-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jamshid Ashigh ◽

François J. Tardif

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Optimal Growth ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Acetohydroxyacid Synthase ◽

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Reproductive Ability ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

The Impact

Many substitutions in the herbicide target enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) confer whole-plant resistance and may reduce plant fitness. This study was done to determine the impact of different watering and temperature regimes on the germination, growth, and seed production of eastern black nightshade populations resistant (R) to AHAS inhibitors as conferred by an Ala205Val substitution in their AHAS. Growth and reproductive ability of four R and four susceptible (S) populations were determined in growth-cabinet and greenhouse studies. The R populations had lower total berry and viable seed production per plant than S under optimal conditions because of slower berry maturation. Seed production of both S and R populations decreased under lower or higher than optimal watering regimes; however, this reduction was more pronounced for the S populations so that seed production was comparable across S and R. The R populations had significantly higher germination and vegetative growth under cooler alternating temperature regimes. Although there were no differences between R and S plants under stress conditions, under optimal growth conditions, the Ala205Val substitution comes at a significant cost in eastern black nightshade. Under optimal growth conditions and in the absence of herbicide selection, S populations should eventually dominate over R; however, the lack of fitness differences under stress conditions could enhance the persistence of the R individuals.

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Characterization of two biotypes of imidazolinone-resistant eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0139:cotboi]2.0.co;2 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 139-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Leslie D. Milliman ◽

Dean E. Riechers ◽

Loyd M. Wax ◽

F. William Simmons

Keyword(s):

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade

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Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) reproduction and interference in transplanted plasticulture tomato

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-05-060r.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 490-495 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Juliana K. Buckelew ◽

David W. Monks ◽

Katherine M. Jennings ◽

Greg D. Hoyt ◽

Robert F. Walls

Keyword(s):

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade

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Herbicide Tolerance Mechanisms in Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.4.577d ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 577d-577

Author(s):

Vamsgita Kolasani ◽

John Masiunas

Keyword(s):

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Herbicide Tolerance ◽

Tolerance Mechanisms ◽

Selected Lines ◽

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Paraquat Tolerance

Eastern black nightshade is one of the problematic weeds in vegetables and soybeans in the Midwest. It is representative of a rapidly growing complex of broadleaf weeds where herbicide resistance would be expected to occur. Eastern black nightshade calli lines that are resistant and susceptible to acifluorfen were maintained on the medium without the herbicide. After two years, these lines were tested for tolerance to acifluorfen and paraquat. Tolerance to acifluorfen was maintained in the previously selected lines. The lines were also cross tolerant to paraquat. Plants were regenerated from these calli lines and grown in the greenhouse. 14C-acifluorfen and 14C-paraquat uptake, translocation, and metabolism were studied.

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The Effect of Weed-free Period and Nitrogen on Eastern Black Nightshade Competition with English Pea

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.1.88 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 88-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Michael P. Croster ◽

John B. Masiunas

Keyword(s):

Pisum Sativum ◽

Critical Period ◽

Sand Culture ◽

Culture Study ◽

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

N Treatment ◽

N Fertility ◽

N Rates

Studies established the critical period for eastern black nightshade (nightshade) (Solanum ptycanthum Dun.) competition in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and determined the effect of N fertility on pea and nightshade growth. In 1992, pea yields were most affected when nightshade was established at planting and remained for 4 or 6 weeks, while in 1993, competition for 6 weeks caused the greatest reduction in pea yields. In a sand culture study, pea biomass and N content were not affected by three N levels (2.1, 21, and 210 mg·L-1). Nightshade plants were five to six times larger in the highest N treatment than at lower N levels. Nitrogen content of nightshade was 0.76% at 2.1 ppm N and 3.22% at 210 ppm N. Choosing soils with low N levels or reducing the N rates used in pea may decrease nightshade interference and berry contamination of pea.

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Response of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) to Low Rates of Imazethapyr and Metolachlor

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500094893 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 897-902 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Katherine I. Ward ◽

Susan E. Weaver

Keyword(s):

Seed Viability ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Field Application ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Soybean Leaf ◽

Delayed Flowering ◽

Almost All

Eastern black nightshade is a problem weed in soybeans primarily due to interference with harvesting operations and reductions in crop quality. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 at Harrow, Ontario, to determine whether sublethal rates of imazethapyr and metolachlor could suppress growth and berry production by eastern black nightshade. In the greenhouse, plants treated with metolachlor PRE at 0.8 kg ai ha−1or imazethapyr POST at 30 g ai ha−1(1/3 to 1/2 the labelled rates) produced significantly fewer berries in the first flower cluster, with fewer seeds per berry, than untreated plants. When a surfactant was added to the imazethapyr, almost all flower buds in the first cluster were aborted. Treated plants recovered from the damage, however, and did not differ significantly from control plants in dry weight or berry production 110 DAP. In the field, application of 50 g ai ha−1imazethapyr POST (2/3 of the lowest labelled rate), with or without a surfactant, resulted in delayed flowering, abortion of most of the flower buds in the first cluster, and greatly reduced growth and total berry production between soybean leaf abscision and harvest. Application of metolachlor + metribuzin PPI in the field at 2/3 of the labelled rate (1.6 + 0.25 kg ai ha−1) was not sufficient to reduce nightshade growth and berry production after soybean leaf abscision. Sublethal rates of imazethapyr and metolachlor did not reduce seed viability in either the greenhouse or the field.

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Colletotrichum coccodes: A Pathogen of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500083570 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 902-905 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Robert N. Andersen ◽

H. Lynn Walker

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽

Colletotrichum Coccodes ◽

Disease Development ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Eastern Black Nightshade ◽

Solanum Ptycanthum ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Weedy Species

The fungusColletotrichum coccodes(Wallr.) Hughes was isolated from diseased plants of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun. ♯ SOLPT) growing in the field. In greenhouse experiments, the isolate was highly pathogenic to eastern black nightshade and less so to seven other weedy species within the Solanaceae. No disease symptoms were observed on seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.), potato (Solanum tuberosumL.), or 10 other species inoculated with the isolate. Dew periods of 16 h or longer were required for maximum disease development. This requirement could limit the practical use of this pathogen as a my coherbicide.

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