Distribution and Biology of Two Nightshades (Solanumspp.) in Minnesota

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Quakenbush ◽  
Robert N. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Viable Seeds

Two species of annual nightshades were commonly found as agronomic weeds in Minnesota. Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun.), the most common species, was found throughout the southern half of the state. Hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoidesSendt. ♯3SOLSA) was found only in a few scattered locations. Eastern black nightshade seedling emergence began in mid-April or early May, and more than 80% of the total yearly emergence occurred before June. Hairy nightshade emergence began in May, but less than 70% of its total yearly emergence occurred before June. Eastern black nightshade berries first contained viable seeds 4 to 5 weeks after flowering of the plants and a week or more before the berries began to turn black. Hairy nightshade generally required a week longer than eastern black nightshade for viable seed production after flowering.

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Rimsulfuron in Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum), Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum), and Hairy Nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides)

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Ackley ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios ◽  
Henry P. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Treated Leaf

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of rimsulfuron were studied in three solanaceous weeds. Eastern black nightshade is sensitive (> 95% injury), hairy nightshade is moderately sensitive (50 to 99% injury), and black nightshade is tolerant to rimsulfuron postemergence (POST). Seedlings at the four- to six-leaf stage were treated with foliar-applied14C-labeled rimsulfuron for 3, 6, 24, and 48 h after treatment. Absorption of rimsulfuron by all weeds increased with time. Black and eastern black nightshade absorbed comparable amounts of radioactivity at each exposure time. Hairy nightshade absorbed less radiolabeled herbicide than the other two nightshades at any treatment time. Hairy nightshade absorbed 54% of the applied radioactivity at 48 h, compared to 74% absorbed by the other weeds. Translocation of rimsulfuron out of the treated leaf was rapid in all species. Black and eastern black nightshade translocated 50 to 70% of the absorbed radioactivity out of the treated leaf with 40 to 50% moving to the upper foliage. In hairy nightshade, about 40% of the absorbed radioactivity translocated out of the treated leaf with equal amounts moving to the upper and lower foliage. Metabolism of14C-rimsulfuron was rapid in the three nightshades with approximately 54% remaining as rimsulfuron at 3 h after treatment. The levels of the detected metabolites of rimsulfuron were similar in the three nightshade weeds. Differential early uptake and translocation may account for the differential sensitivity of these nightshade species to rimsulfuron.

Germination and growth of Solanum ptycanthum and Solanum sarrachoides

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Hermanutz ◽  
S. E. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Sarrachoides ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Germination And Growth

The distribution and abundance of hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides Sendt.) has been increasing relative to that of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum Dun.) in cultivated fields in southern Ontario. The germination and early growth of the two species were compared under controlled environmental conditions. Individual seeds of hairy nightshade weigh almost twice as much as those of eastern black nightshade. Time to 50% germination of seeds of hairy nightshade was faster over a range of temperatures, and total germination in the dark and at low temperature was greater compared to seeds of eastern black nightshade. Seedlings of hairy nightshade also grew faster than those of eastern black nightshade, having greater height, leaf number, and aboveground dry weight at 10 and 21 d after emergence in growth chambers at 28/20 and 22/14 °C. Individuals of hairy nightshade began to reproduce earlier with a consequent decrease in vegetative growth. By 35 d after emergence, leaf area and aboveground dry weight of seedlings of eastern black nightshade equalled or exceeded those of hairy nightshade. Differences between species were consistent for populations from two separate locations in Ontario. Key words: Germination, eastern black nightshade, hairy nightshade

Water use patterns of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) and hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides) in response to shading and water stress

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Tan ◽  
S. E. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Stem Flow ◽  
Water Use Patterns

Greenhouse and growth room experiments were conducted to determine the effects of shading and water stress on transpiration of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) and hairy nightshade (S. sarrachoides). Transpiration rates were estimated using heat balance stem flow gauges. Eastern black nightshade transpired significantly more water than hairy nightshade given ample water and light. Eastern black nightshade also transpired more water than hairy nightshade when shaded. Transpiration of both species increased with light intensity and was relatively insensitive to changes in soil volumetric water content above 0.10 m3 m−3, but declined sharply below that level. Eastern black nightshade had significantly more stomata than hairy nightshade, particularly on the lower leaf surface. Key words: Sap flow, stomata

Estimating Yield Losses of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) Caused by Nightshade (Solanumspp.) Interference

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Weaver ◽  
Nancy Smits ◽  
Chin S. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hyperbolic Model ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Tomato Yield

Reductions in yields of processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘H2653’ and ‘Earlirouge′) caused by interference from eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun. # SOLPT) and hairy nighthsade (S. sarrachoidesSendt. # SOLSA) were estimated for transplanted and seeded tomatoes at two locations in southern Ontario. Tomato yield losses were significantly greater in seeded than in transplanted tomatoes. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rates of seeded tomatoes decreased more rapidly with increased nightshade density than did those of transplanted tomatoes. Percent yield losses also differed between sites. Seeded tomatoes grown at high density in twin rows (33 300 and 45 000 plants/ha) had higher yields and lower percent yield losses than did tomatoes grown at low density in single rows (12 500 to 22 500 plants/ha). Nightshade dry weight and seed production decreased per plant but increased per unit area with increasing nightshade density. Nightshade dry weights and seed production did not vary with site or method of tomato establishment. A hyperbolic model provided an excellent fit to data on both tomato yield losses and nightshade seed production as a function of nightshade density.

THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 67. Solarium ptycanthum Dun., S. nigrum L. and S. sarrachoides Sendt.

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. BASSETT ◽  
D. B. MUNRO
Keyword(s):  
Weed Biology ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Spp

A descriptive key is provided for eight species of nightshade, Solanum spp., occurring in Canada. The biology for three of four closely related taxa, eastern black nightshade, Solanum ptycanthum Dun. ex DC; black nightshade, S. nigrum L.; and hairy nightshade, S. sarrachoides Sendt., weedy in various parts of the country, is discussed. American nightshade, S. americanum Mill., a name once applied to S. ptycanthum, is actually very rare in Canada and its biology is only partially discussed in this paper.Key words: Eastern black nightshade, black nightshade, hairy nightshade, weed biology, Solanum spp.

Germination of Cutleaf Groundcherry (Physalis angulata), Smooth Groundcherry (Physalis virginiana), and Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig E. Thomson ◽  
William W. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Physalis Angulata ◽  
Alternating Temperature ◽  
Substrate Ph

Factors that govern the germination of cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulataL. # PHYAN), smooth groundcherry [Physalis virginianavar.subglabrata(Mackenz. and Bush) Waterfall # PHYSU], and eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun. # SOLPT) were evaluated. Maximum germination of all three species occurred at a constant 30 C or alternating temperature regimes that included 30 C. Seed of all species germinated in light and dark, but germination was reduced in the dark. Germination and seedling vigor of all species decreased as substrate pH decreased. Cutleaf groundcherry seed were slightly less sensitive than seed of other species to simulated moisture stress. All species produced 90% or more viable seed by 8 weeks after anthesis.

Row Spacing and Seeding Rate Effects on Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum Ptycanthum) and Soybean

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne M. Rich ◽  
Karen A. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Rate Effects

Reducing seeding rates in 19- or 76-cm row soybean below the optimum rate may reduce soybean competitiveness with weeds, and indirectly increase production costs to the grower. Field studies in 2001 and 2002 evaluated the effect of soybean seeding rate and row spacing on the emergence, growth, and competitiveness of eastern black nightshade (EBN) in soybean. EBN emergence ceased within 45 d after planting (DAP), and was similar across soybean seeding rates and row spacing. EBN control by glyphosate was not affected by soybean population or row spacing. Soybean planted in 19-cm rows was more competitive with EBN, regardless of seeding rate. Increasing the soybean seeding rate in 76-cm rows from 185,000 seeds/ha to 432,000 seeds/ha reduced EBN dry weight threefold at East Lansing and nearly twofold at Clarksville in 2002. There was no increase in EBN density or dry weight in 19-cm row soybean planted at 308,000 seeds/ha compared with 556,000 seeds/ha, whereas a seeding rate of 432,000 seeds/ha in 76-cm row soybean did not suppress EBN dry weight or increase soybean yield in the presence of EBN compared with a seeding rate of 308,000 seeds/ha.

Characterization of Acifluorfen Tolerance in Selected Somaclones of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yeon Yu ◽  
John B. Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Black Nightshade

Acifluorfen tolerance in eastern black nightshade somaclones was characterized in two experiments. One experiment determined the involvement of absorption, translocation, and metabolism in acifluorfen tolerance. Less than 6% of the applied14C-acifluorfen was absorbed. There were no differences in acifluorfen absorption between susceptible and tolerant somaclones. More14C-acifluorfen was translocated in the susceptible than the tolerant somaclones. The susceptible somaclone did not metabolize acifluorfen while some somaclones (i.e., EBN-3A) metabolized14C-acifluorfen. A second experiment determined the tolerance of the somaclones to oxyfluorfen, diquat, and paraquat Most acifluorfen-tolerant somaclones were tolerant to oxyfluorfen but were susceptible to diquat and paraquat One somaclone, EBN-3A, was extremely tolerant to acifluorfen, paraquat, and diquat.

Viable seed populations by soil depth and potential site recolonization after disturbance

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (18) ◽  
pp. 2408-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice M. Moore ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Forest Experiment Station ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Germination Experiment

Seedling emergence from organic and mineral soil layers was measured for nine study sites at the Acadia Forest Experiment Station near Fredericton, New Brunswick. The number of viable seeds showed a decrease from deciduous-dominated forest, to conifer-dominated forest, to organic soil study sites. Viable seed number varied from 3400/m2 for a deciduous-dominated forest study site to zero for a bog study site. Most seeds germinated from the upper organic soil layers of all study sites and were predominantly Rubus strigosus Michx. After the germination experiment, ungerminated seeds, which showed no viability by the tetrazolium test, were separated from the soil. These seeds were almost entirely Betula spp. and seed numbers were as high as 4200–9400/m2 for a deciduous-dominated forest. The applicability of the results to differing types of postdisturbance revegetation is discussed.

Water and Temperature Stress Impact Fitness of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase–Inhibiting Herbicide-Resistant Populations of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptychanthum)

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamshid Ashigh ◽  
François J. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Acetohydroxyacid Synthase ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
The Impact

Many substitutions in the herbicide target enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) confer whole-plant resistance and may reduce plant fitness. This study was done to determine the impact of different watering and temperature regimes on the germination, growth, and seed production of eastern black nightshade populations resistant (R) to AHAS inhibitors as conferred by an Ala205Val substitution in their AHAS. Growth and reproductive ability of four R and four susceptible (S) populations were determined in growth-cabinet and greenhouse studies. The R populations had lower total berry and viable seed production per plant than S under optimal conditions because of slower berry maturation. Seed production of both S and R populations decreased under lower or higher than optimal watering regimes; however, this reduction was more pronounced for the S populations so that seed production was comparable across S and R. The R populations had significantly higher germination and vegetative growth under cooler alternating temperature regimes. Although there were no differences between R and S plants under stress conditions, under optimal growth conditions, the Ala205Val substitution comes at a significant cost in eastern black nightshade. Under optimal growth conditions and in the absence of herbicide selection, S populations should eventually dominate over R; however, the lack of fitness differences under stress conditions could enhance the persistence of the R individuals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document