Ecological and Control Studies of Musk Thistle

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Feldman ◽  
M. K. McCarty ◽  
C. J. Scifres
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cool Season Grass ◽  
Thistle Plant

Herbicides applied April 30, May 10, or October 14 gave best control of musk thistle (Carduus nutansL.). The most effective herbicide at all dates and rates was 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). Two lb/A of 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba) also was effective at all spring dates. Two lb/A of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) resulted in excellent control of musk thistle when applied May 10 or October 14.More musk thistle seedlings became established in nongrazed, cool season grass pastures than in nongrazed, mixed warm season grass pastures. Greater germination was attributed to the reserve moisture and accumulation of litter which served as an excellent germination medium. However, only one musk thistle plant remained in the nongrazed pastures 1 year after seeding. The remainder of the seedlings and young rosettes found in the protected areas in 1965 had succumbed to the heavy competition by 1966.

Transition From Overseeded Cool-Season Grass to Warm-Season Grass with Pronamide

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Cool Season Grass ◽  
Piedmont Region

Field experiments were conducted for 2 yr on pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] treatments in the Piedmont region of Georgia to aid the transition of overseeded cool-season turf to warm-season turf in early spring. Pronamide applied to overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Game’ and ‘Manhattan’) gradually reduced the growth of perennial ryegrass and permitted bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifdwarf’] to initiate spring growth with little competition. Total turfgrass cover and turf quality ratings in pronamide treated plots were lower than ratings for untreated plots during the transition period. However, the reduction in turf quality and stand was minimal when pronamide was applied March 20 at 0.8 kg/ha. The turf quality and stand was 76 and 88% of the untreated check on April 23 and May 9, respectively, but the turf fully recovered within 2 weeks. The turf quality was higher in plots treated with pronamide on March 20 than in untreated check throughout June. The optimum date of promanide treatment in the Piedmont Region for transition of cool-season grass to warm-season grass was March 20, when compared to applications made on February 28, April 9, or April 29.

Small mammal use of native warm-season and non-native cool-season grass forage fields

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Ryan L. Klimstra ◽  
Christopher E. Moorman ◽  
Sarah J. Converse ◽  
J. Andrew Royle ◽  
Craig A. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammal ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Breeding songbird use of native warm-season and non-native cool-season grass forage fields

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher E. Moorman ◽  
Ryan L. Klimstra ◽  
Craig A. Harper ◽  
Jeffrey F. Marcus ◽  
Clyde E. Sorenson
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Cool Season Grass

scholarly journals Perennial Ryegrass and Tall Fescue Reseeding Intervals after Aminocyclopyrachlor Application

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 798-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Workman ◽  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
F. Clint Waltz ◽  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Gerald M. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Turfgrass managers applying aminocyclopyrachlor for annual and perennial broadleaf weed control in cool-season turfgrasses may want to reseed into treated areas. Field experiments were conducted in Georgia), Tennessee, and Texas to investigate perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) reseeding intervals after aminocyclopyrachlor applications. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue establishment were similar to the non-treated control after treatments of aminocyclopyrachlor and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + dicamba + methylchlorophenoxypropionic acid (MCPP) at 0, 2, 4, or 6 weeks before seeding. Results demonstrate that no reseeding interval is required after aminocyclopyrachlor treatment. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue can be safely seeded immediately after aminocyclopyrachlor treatment at 39, 79, and 158 g/a.i./ha.

scholarly journals Seeding Rate Effects on Forage Mass and Vegetation Dynamics of Cool-Season Grass Sod Interseeded with Sorghum-Sudangrass

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2449
Author(s):  
John A. Guretzky ◽  
Daren D. Redfearn
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Dynamics ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Sorghum Sudangrass ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Interseeding annual warm-season grasses into perennial cool-season grasses has the potential to increase summer forage mass and nutritive value. Knowledge of how seeding rate affects annual warm-season grass establishment, forage mass, and vegetation dynamics remains limited. From 2016–2017, we conducted a field experiment evaluating the effects of seeding rates on sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor var. sudanense) density and forage mass and on the frequency of occurrence of plant species in cool-season grass sod in Lincoln, NE. The experiment had a completely randomized design consisting of six replicates of four seeding rates [0, 14, 28, and 35 kg pure live seed (PLS) ha−1] in sod mowed at a 2.5-cm height and one unseeded, non-mowed control treatment. Sorghum-sudangrass establishment increased with seeding rate from an average of 20 to 45 plants m−2 as the seeding rate increased from 14 to 35 kg PLS ha−1. Forage mass depended on a seeding rate × harvest interaction, showing positive linear and cubic responses to seeding rate in consecutive harvests at 45 and 90 d after interseeding. To increase forage mass in perennial cool-season grass sod, producers should interseed sorghum-sudangrass with at least 28 kg PLS ha−1. One-time seedings into cool-season, perennial grass sod have no residual effects on subsequent forage mass and vegetation dynamics.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions from riparian forest buffers, warm-season and cool-season grass filters, and crop fields

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 607-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.-G. Kim ◽  
T. M. Isenhart ◽  
T. B. Parkin ◽  
R. C. Schultz ◽  
T. E. Loynachan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Riparian Buffers ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Frozen Soils ◽  
Crop Field ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract. Denitrification within riparian buffers may trade reduced nonpoint source pollution of surface waters for increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting from denitrification-produced nitrous oxide (N2O). However, little is known about the N2O emission within conservation buffers established for water quality improvement or of the importance of short-term N2O peak emission following rewetting dry soils and thawing frozen soils. Such estimates are important in reducing uncertainties in current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies estimating soil N2O emission which are based on N inputs. This study contrasts N2O emission from riparian buffer systems of three perennial vegetation types and an adjacent crop field, and compares measured N2O emission with estimates based on the IPCC methodology. We measured soil properties, N inputs, weather conditions and N2O fluxes from soils in forested riparian buffers, warm-season and cool-season grass filters, and a crop field located in the Bear Creek watershed in central Iowa, USA. Cumulative N2O emissions from soils in all riparian buffers (5.8 kg N2O-N ha−1 in 2006–2007) were significantly less than those from crop field soils (24.0 kg N2O-N ha−1 in 2006–2007), with no difference among the buffer vegetation types. While N2O peak emissions (up to 70-fold increase) following the rewetting of dry soils and thawing of frozen soils comprised 46–70% of the annual N2O emissions from soils in the crop field, soils in the riparian buffers were less sensitive to such events (3 to 10-fold increase). The ratio of N2O emission to N inputs within riparian buffers (0.02) was smaller than those of crop field (0.07). These results indicate that N2O emission from soils within the riparian buffers established for water quality improvement should not be considered a major source of N2O emission compared to crop field emission. The observed large difference between measured N2O emissions and those estimated using the IPCC's recommended methodology (i.e., 87% underestimation) in the crop field suggests that the IPCC methodology may underestimate N2O emission in the regions where soil rewetting and thawing are common, and that conditions predicted by future climate-change scenarios may increase N2O emissions.

An Ultrastructure Study of Tumor Cells of Haworthia Plants Induced by 2,4-D

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
J. S. Sullender ◽  
S. K. Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Induced Tumors ◽  
Acetate Lead ◽  
The Media ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
And Control

Treatment of normal callus cells of Haworthia variegata with high concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) promoted the development of tumor-type growth. At low concentrations (1 and 2 mg/liter), 2,4-D had little adverse effects on the growth and morphogenesis of the callus, however, in some tubes abnormal-appearing roots were detected. Calli on the media containing 5, 10 and 20 mg/liter of 2,4-D developed pink-brown pigmentation, produced numerous minute nodules, induced tumor-type growth, showed little differentiation and produced abnormal roots and leaves. Ultrastructure studies of auxin-induced tumors in some plants have been made by several investigators, however, no information is available on the fine structure of the 2,4-D induced tumor cells of Haworthia plants. Tissues from tumor and control groups were fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide, post-fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde, and embedded in Epon 812. Sections were cut on a Porter-Blum MT-2 ultramicrotome, stained with uranyl acetate-lead citrate and examined on a Philips Model 201 transmission electron microscope operating at 60 kV.

scholarly journals Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Response to AC 263,222

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Masters ◽  
Daniel D. Beran ◽  
Fernando Rivas-Pantoja
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Ac 263,222 ◽  
Cool Season Grass ◽  
Fall Application

Leafy spurge is an exotic perennial weed that infests more than 1 million ha in North America and reduces rangeland carrying capacity. Experiments were initiated on range sites in Nebraska and North Dakota in 1994 and 1995 to determine the response of leafy spurge and other vegetation to AC 263,222. Herbicide treatments evaluated included AC 263,222 at 0 to 280 g ai/ha, picloram at 560 g ai/ha plus 2,4-D at 1,120 g ae/ha, and quinclorac at 1,120 g ai/ha. In Nebraska, a single application of AC 263,222 in the fall at 140 g/ha provided ≥ 90% leafy spurge control 11 to 12 mo after treatment. At Jamestown, ND, leafy spurge control increased to almost 90% and stem density declined to two shoots/m212 mo after the second consecutive fall application of AC 263,222 at 140 g/ha. At Hankinson, ND, leafy spurge control was ≤ 50% when AC 263,222 was applied in the fall only, but increased to > 80% when AC 263,222 was applied in the fall and again at 70 or 140 g/ha in the spring. There were no differences in herbage biomass of established cool- and warm-season grasses where AC 263,222 at 140 g/ha, picloram plus 2,4-D, quinclorac, or no herbicide was applied in the fall. In contrast, application of AC 263,222 in the fall and again in the spring usually reduced cool-season grass biomass.

scholarly journals 613 The Methodological Study of Under-soil Heating System (USHS) for Warm-season Grass

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 553B-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Miwa ◽  
Hisakazu Kihara ◽  
Hideaki Tonogi
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Maintenance Program ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Recently, full-green turf on sports fields in the winter is highly desirable. The negative factor for warm-season grass pitch is its winter dormancy. Winter overseeding (WOS) is one successful method to make turf seem green. However, maintenance cost for WOS turf is relatively expensive and brings some difficulties. Undersoil heating (USH) has been used for cool-season grass pitch or warm-season grass pitch to make turf green in winter. Our objectives were 1) to confirm USH effectiveness for warm-season grass, 2) to make the specified system itself, and 3) to estimate the approximate heat demand. The results indicate that USH can make warm-season grass green and maintain much higher turf quality even in severe winter conditions. Weed invasion, pests, and diseases levels are quite low during the test period. The characteristics needed to create the system include heating pipe spacing and depth, initial media temperature, and required soil temperature. In addition, USH needs a plastic cover for insulation that is light and that air and water can penetrate. Compared with WOS, USH can reduce maintenance fees and procedures, such as preparation for WOS in a fall and transition into spring. Thus, UHS can prolong total playing period. Moreover, it is easy to maintain the higher turf quality and lower maintenance cost than WOS. In the future, we should concentrate on creating more concrete maintenance program for this method.

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