An Invasive Cool-Season Grass Complicates Prescribed Fire Management in a Native Warm-Season Grassland

Herbicides applied April 30, May 10, or October 14 gave best control of musk thistle (Carduus nutansL.). The most effective herbicide at all dates and rates was 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). Two lb/A of 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba) also was effective at all spring dates. Two lb/A of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) resulted in excellent control of musk thistle when applied May 10 or October 14.More musk thistle seedlings became established in nongrazed, cool season grass pastures than in nongrazed, mixed warm season grass pastures. Greater germination was attributed to the reserve moisture and accumulation of litter which served as an excellent germination medium. However, only one musk thistle plant remained in the nongrazed pastures 1 year after seeding. The remainder of the seedlings and young rosettes found in the protected areas in 1965 had succumbed to the heavy competition by 1966.

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Breeding songbird use of native warm-season and non-native cool-season grass forage fields

Wildlife Society Bulletin ◽

10.1002/wsb.726 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 42-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christopher E. Moorman ◽

Ryan L. Klimstra ◽

Craig A. Harper ◽

Jeffrey F. Marcus ◽

Clyde E. Sorenson

Keyword(s):

Warm Season ◽

Cool Season ◽

Cool Season Grass

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Seeding Rate Effects on Forage Mass and Vegetation Dynamics of Cool-Season Grass Sod Interseeded with Sorghum-Sudangrass

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11122449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2449

Author(s):

John A. Guretzky ◽

Daren D. Redfearn

Keyword(s):

Vegetation Dynamics ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Perennial Grass ◽

Warm Season ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Cool Season ◽

Sorghum Sudangrass ◽

Cool Season Grass

Interseeding annual warm-season grasses into perennial cool-season grasses has the potential to increase summer forage mass and nutritive value. Knowledge of how seeding rate affects annual warm-season grass establishment, forage mass, and vegetation dynamics remains limited. From 2016–2017, we conducted a field experiment evaluating the effects of seeding rates on sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor var. sudanense) density and forage mass and on the frequency of occurrence of plant species in cool-season grass sod in Lincoln, NE. The experiment had a completely randomized design consisting of six replicates of four seeding rates [0, 14, 28, and 35 kg pure live seed (PLS) ha−1] in sod mowed at a 2.5-cm height and one unseeded, non-mowed control treatment. Sorghum-sudangrass establishment increased with seeding rate from an average of 20 to 45 plants m−2 as the seeding rate increased from 14 to 35 kg PLS ha−1. Forage mass depended on a seeding rate × harvest interaction, showing positive linear and cubic responses to seeding rate in consecutive harvests at 45 and 90 d after interseeding. To increase forage mass in perennial cool-season grass sod, producers should interseed sorghum-sudangrass with at least 28 kg PLS ha−1. One-time seedings into cool-season, perennial grass sod have no residual effects on subsequent forage mass and vegetation dynamics.

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Nitrous oxide emissions from riparian forest buffers, warm-season and cool-season grass filters, and crop fields

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-6-607-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 607-650 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

D.-G. Kim ◽

T. M. Isenhart ◽

T. B. Parkin ◽

R. C. Schultz ◽

T. E. Loynachan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Warm Season ◽

Fold Increase ◽

N2o Emission ◽

Riparian Buffers ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Vegetation Types ◽

Cool Season ◽

Frozen Soils ◽

Crop Field ◽

Cool Season Grass

Abstract. Denitrification within riparian buffers may trade reduced nonpoint source pollution of surface waters for increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting from denitrification-produced nitrous oxide (N2O). However, little is known about the N2O emission within conservation buffers established for water quality improvement or of the importance of short-term N2O peak emission following rewetting dry soils and thawing frozen soils. Such estimates are important in reducing uncertainties in current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies estimating soil N2O emission which are based on N inputs. This study contrasts N2O emission from riparian buffer systems of three perennial vegetation types and an adjacent crop field, and compares measured N2O emission with estimates based on the IPCC methodology. We measured soil properties, N inputs, weather conditions and N2O fluxes from soils in forested riparian buffers, warm-season and cool-season grass filters, and a crop field located in the Bear Creek watershed in central Iowa, USA. Cumulative N2O emissions from soils in all riparian buffers (5.8 kg N2O-N ha−1 in 2006–2007) were significantly less than those from crop field soils (24.0 kg N2O-N ha−1 in 2006–2007), with no difference among the buffer vegetation types. While N2O peak emissions (up to 70-fold increase) following the rewetting of dry soils and thawing of frozen soils comprised 46–70% of the annual N2O emissions from soils in the crop field, soils in the riparian buffers were less sensitive to such events (3 to 10-fold increase). The ratio of N2O emission to N inputs within riparian buffers (0.02) was smaller than those of crop field (0.07). These results indicate that N2O emission from soils within the riparian buffers established for water quality improvement should not be considered a major source of N2O emission compared to crop field emission. The observed large difference between measured N2O emissions and those estimated using the IPCC's recommended methodology (i.e., 87% underestimation) in the crop field suggests that the IPCC methodology may underestimate N2O emission in the regions where soil rewetting and thawing are common, and that conditions predicted by future climate-change scenarios may increase N2O emissions.

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Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Response to AC 263,222

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00044444 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 602-609 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert A. Masters ◽

Daniel D. Beran ◽

Fernando Rivas-Pantoja

Keyword(s):

Warm Season ◽

Leafy Spurge ◽

Euphorbia Esula ◽

Stem Density ◽

Single Application ◽

Cool Season ◽

Perennial Weed ◽

Ac 263,222 ◽

Cool Season Grass ◽

Fall Application

Leafy spurge is an exotic perennial weed that infests more than 1 million ha in North America and reduces rangeland carrying capacity. Experiments were initiated on range sites in Nebraska and North Dakota in 1994 and 1995 to determine the response of leafy spurge and other vegetation to AC 263,222. Herbicide treatments evaluated included AC 263,222 at 0 to 280 g ai/ha, picloram at 560 g ai/ha plus 2,4-D at 1,120 g ae/ha, and quinclorac at 1,120 g ai/ha. In Nebraska, a single application of AC 263,222 in the fall at 140 g/ha provided ≥ 90% leafy spurge control 11 to 12 mo after treatment. At Jamestown, ND, leafy spurge control increased to almost 90% and stem density declined to two shoots/m212 mo after the second consecutive fall application of AC 263,222 at 140 g/ha. At Hankinson, ND, leafy spurge control was ≤ 50% when AC 263,222 was applied in the fall only, but increased to > 80% when AC 263,222 was applied in the fall and again at 70 or 140 g/ha in the spring. There were no differences in herbage biomass of established cool- and warm-season grasses where AC 263,222 at 140 g/ha, picloram plus 2,4-D, quinclorac, or no herbicide was applied in the fall. In contrast, application of AC 263,222 in the fall and again in the spring usually reduced cool-season grass biomass.

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Transition From Overseeded Cool-Season Grass to Warm-Season Grass with Pronamide

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500066029 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 309-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

B. J. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Transition Period ◽

Warm Season ◽

Cool Season ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Warm Season Grass ◽

Untreated Check ◽

Cool Season Grass ◽

Piedmont Region

Field experiments were conducted for 2 yr on pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] treatments in the Piedmont region of Georgia to aid the transition of overseeded cool-season turf to warm-season turf in early spring. Pronamide applied to overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Game’ and ‘Manhattan’) gradually reduced the growth of perennial ryegrass and permitted bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifdwarf’] to initiate spring growth with little competition. Total turfgrass cover and turf quality ratings in pronamide treated plots were lower than ratings for untreated plots during the transition period. However, the reduction in turf quality and stand was minimal when pronamide was applied March 20 at 0.8 kg/ha. The turf quality and stand was 76 and 88% of the untreated check on April 23 and May 9, respectively, but the turf fully recovered within 2 weeks. The turf quality was higher in plots treated with pronamide on March 20 than in untreated check throughout June. The optimum date of promanide treatment in the Piedmont Region for transition of cool-season grass to warm-season grass was March 20, when compared to applications made on February 28, April 9, or April 29.

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Forage-Based Heifer Development Program for North Florida

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-ag424-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Jose C.B. Dubeux ◽

Nicolas DiLorenzo ◽

Kalyn Waters ◽

Jane C. Griffin

Keyword(s):

Development Program ◽

Warm Season ◽

Beef Cows ◽

Good News ◽

Cool Season ◽

Beef Industry ◽

Performance Targets ◽

Grazing Systems ◽

Heifer Development ◽

Reducing Costs

Florida has 915,000 beef cows and 125,000 replacement heifers (USDA, 2016). Developing these heifers so that they can become productive females in the cow herd is a tremendous investment in a cow/calf operation, an investment that takes several years to make a return. The good news is that there are options to develop heifers on forage-based programs with the possibility of reducing costs while simultaneously meeting performance targets required by the beef industry. Mild winters in Florida allows utilization of cool-season forages that can significantly enhance the performance of grazing heifers. During the warm-season, integration of forage legumes into grazing systems will provide additional nutrients to meet the performance required to develop a replacement heifer to become pregnant and enter the mature cow herd. In this document, we will propose a model for replacement heifer development, based on forage research performed in trials at the NFREC Marianna.

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Evaluation of cool-season and warm-season intercrops for aphid biological control in organic pecan orchards

10.1603/ice.2016.114624 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Tzu-Chin Liu

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Warm Season ◽

Cool Season

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Using the Landsat Burned Area Products to Derive Fire History Relevant for Fire Management and Conservation in the State of Florida, Southeastern USA

Fire ◽

10.3390/fire4020026 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Casey Teske ◽

Melanie K. Vanderhoof ◽

Todd J. Hawbaker ◽

Joe Noble ◽

John Kevin Hiers

Keyword(s):

Prescribed Fire ◽

Spatial Data ◽

Fire History ◽

Fire Management ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Fire Risk ◽

Behavior Modeling ◽

Burned Area ◽

Burned Areas ◽

Burn Probability

Development of comprehensive spatially explicit fire occurrence data remains one of the most critical needs for fire managers globally, and especially for conservation across the southeastern United States. Not only are many endangered species and ecosystems in that region reliant on frequent fire, but fire risk analysis, prescribed fire planning, and fire behavior modeling are sensitive to fire history due to the long growing season and high vegetation productivity. Spatial data that map burned areas over time provide critical information for evaluating management successes. However, existing fire data have undocumented shortcomings that limit their use when detailing the effectiveness of fire management at state and regional scales. Here, we assessed information in existing fire datasets for Florida and the Landsat Burned Area products based on input from the fire management community. We considered the potential of different datasets to track the spatial extents of fires and derive fire history metrics (e.g., time since last burn, fire frequency, and seasonality). We found that burned areas generated by applying a 90% threshold to the Landsat burn probability product matched patterns recorded and observed by fire managers at three pilot areas. We then created fire history metrics for the entire state from the modified Landsat Burned Area product. Finally, to show their potential application for conservation management, we compared fire history metrics across ownerships for natural pinelands, where prescribed fire is frequently applied. Implications of this effort include increased awareness around conservation and fire management planning efforts and an extension of derivative products regionally or globally.

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