Preemergence Herbicidal Properties of Nitralin Analogs in Nutrient Solution

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Gentner
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Substituted Anilines ◽  
Mixed Nature

The preemergence herbicidal activities of 10 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-variously substituted anilines were determined on four plant species at four equimolar concentrations in nutrient solution. Several analogs were as active or slightly more active than 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline [nitralin]. Most amino groups on these compounds were of a mixed nature. Preemergence toxicity decreased when theN-substituents contained more than six carbons or less than five.

Uptake and Phytotoxicity of Tebuthiuron

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.G. Steinert ◽  
J.F. Stritzke
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Primary Activity ◽  
Treated Leaf

Differences in the phytotoxicity of tebuthiuron (N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimehtylurea) to nine plant species were observed on the basis of calculated GR50values. Japanese brome (Bromus japonicusThunb.) with a GR50value of 0.016 ppmw was the most susceptible and corn (Zea maysL. ‘Gold Rush’) with a GR50value of 0.436 ppmw the least susceptible. There was some growth suppression with foliar application but primary activity on all species was attributed to root uptake. The most significant translocation of labeled tebuthiuron was to the tops of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.) plants treated through the nutrient solution where 24.5% of the total amount recovered was detected after 24 h. Only 7.3% of the total amount recovered was detected in the top of rye (Secale cerealeL. ‘Elbon’) plants with the same treatment. With both species, more than 90% of the radioactivity recovered following foliar treatments was still in the treated leaf after 24 h. Less than 5.5% of the recovered activity for both species was in the tops, less than 3% in the roots, and less than 1.5% was in the nutrient solution.

scholarly journals Influence of increased doses of microelements in hydroponic nutrient solution on the yield of Capsicum annuum L. fruits and their capsaicin content

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz J. Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Standard Composition

The Wrocław version of hydroponic culture was applied. The content of particular microelements (Cu, B, Mn, Mo, Zn) or several of them jointly was increased ten times (to 6 mg/l) as compared to the standard composition of the nutrient solution. It was found that the yield of fruits and of capsaicin per plant was significantly higher with 10 times increased content of Cu and B or Cu+B+Mo or Cu+Mn+Mo or B+Mn+Mo. Moreover, Cu and Mn applied alone or in combinations with other microelements in 10-fold increased proportion caused a marked increase of capsaicin content in the dry matter of the fruit. It is suggested that the proportions of microelements should be chosen individually for each plant species and for each type of agroclimatic conditions

scholarly journals Impact of Low Iron and Phosphorus Stresses on Acidification of Nutrient Solution by Geranium

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 970B-970
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Taylor ◽  
Paul V. Nelson ◽  
Jonathan M. Frantz
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Similar Solutions ◽  
Grower Survey ◽  
Substrate Ph ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution

The cause of sudden substrate pH decline by geranium is unknown. Low Fe and low P have been shown to cause many plant species to acidify the substrate. Research was done to determine if low Fe or P stresses caused four geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey) cultivars to acidify nutrient solution. Two cultivars were susceptible and two resistant to substrate acidification based on a grower survey. Rooted geranium cuttings were transferred to 4-L containers containing modified Hoagland's solution with N supplied as 15% NH4 and 85% NO3. The plants were grown in a greenhouse for 44 days. Treatments consisted of a complete nutrient solution and two similar solutions devoid of either Fe or P. Solutions pH was set at 5.8, changed weekly, and tested 3 and 6 days after each change. Because all cultivars showed similar responses, results were combined. Twenty days after transplanting (DAT), plants in all treatments, including control, caused solution pH to fall below 5. At 37 DAT, the solution pH levels for control, minus Fe, and minus P treatments were 4.1, 3.7, and 3.6, respectively. Results indicated that geranium is an acidifying plant when N is supplied as 15% NH4 and 85% NO3. Additionally, low Fe and low P stresses increase the acidification rate. Total dry weights of minus-P plants were about half that of minus-Fe plants. This indicated that plants under P stress had a higher specific rate of acidification than plants under Fe stress.

How do glycine and histidine in nutrient solution affect zinc uptake and root-to-shoot translocation by wheat and triticale?

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Khodamoradi ◽  
A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh ◽  
N. Dalir ◽  
M. Afyuni ◽  
R. Schulin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Zn Nutrition ◽  
Zn Addition ◽  
Zn Concentration

Understanding how complexes with amino acids in soil solution affect plant zinc (Zn) uptake may aid in optimising plant Zn nutrition. We investigated the influence of histidine and glycine in nutrient solution on apoplastic and symplastic uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of Zn in a triticale (×Triticosecale cv. Elinor) and a bread wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum cv. Back Cross Rushan). Six-week-old seedlings of the two cultivars were transferred to a nutrient solution containing 20 µm Zn, to which 50 µm histidine, 50 µm glycine or no amino acids were added. Control plants were transplanted to nutrient solution with no Zn or amino acids. Higher concentrations of Zn were found in root and shoots of wheat and triticale plants supplied with Zn than in the control plants without Zn supply. Among the treatments with Zn supply, histidine enhanced, whereas glycine reduced, symplastic root Zn concentration in bread wheat. Both amino acids decreased the symplastic root Zn concentration but had no effect on apoplastic Zn in triticale. Both amino acid treatments also reduced Zn concentrations in the xylem sap of the two plant species compared with the treatment with Zn addition only. In bread wheat, the effect was stronger for glycine than for histidine; in triticale, it was the same for both amino acids. The concentration of Zn in xylem sap was always greater in wheat than in triticale. Addition of histidine to the nutrient solution increased the total amount of shoot Zn in triticale but not in bread wheat, compared with the treatment with Zn addition only, whereas glycine had no significant effect on total shoot Zn in either of the plant species. The results show that histidine, but not glycine, can enhance Zn uptake and translocation into the aboveground parts of triticale. We suggest that this ability of histidine was due to the formation of strong complexes with Zn.

scholarly journals Host Range, Biology, and Factors Affecting Survival and Reproduction of the Stubby Root Nematode

1969 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 341-369
Author(s):  
Alejandro Ayala ◽  
M. W. Allen ◽  
E. M. Noffsinger
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Tobacco Rattle Virus ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Stubby Root Nematode

Populations of T. allius increased to levels nine times higher in Glurk tobacco plants infected with California tobacco rattle virus than in healthy plants of the same variety and age. Populations of T. christiei increased with applications of Hoagland's nutrient solution diluted up to 50-percent concentration, whereas population densities were low at the highest concentration (100 percent), and in water alone. Trichodorus allius did not seem to be affected to a large extent by similar applications of Hoagland's nutrient solution. Soil type influenced populations of T. allius; lighter soils were conducive to development of higher populations while soil, coarse sand, and white quartz sand used separately were not favorable for reproduction. Temperature proved to be one of the most important ecological factors in nematode reproduction. The optimum temperatures for the reproduction of each species was as follows: T. christiei, 16° to 24° C; T. porosus, 24° C; and. T allius, 21° to 24° C. Extremes of temperatures at which the different species could reproduce also varied. Populations of T. christiei were affected by an undetermined disease or condition which seemed to slow movement but did not have any apparent effect on rate of reproduction. Host ranges of three species of Trichodorus were studied. All three nematode species seemed to be polyphagous because 90 percent, 90 percent and 95 percent of the plant species tested were hosts of T. christiei, T. porosus, and T. allius, respectively. Twenty-five plant species were tested for T. porosus, 50 for T. christiei and 38 for T. allius. A method is described for keeping populations of T. allius alive in water for extended periods of time.

The importance of nitrate in ameliorating the effects of ammonium and urea nutrition on plant development: the relationships with free polyamines and plant proline contents

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Houdusse ◽  
Angel M. Zamarreño ◽  
Maria Garnica ◽  
Josemaria García-Mina
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Ammonium Assimilation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ammonium Accumulation ◽  
Free Polyamines ◽  
Specific Pathway

In order to investigate the possible involvement of free polyamines and proline in the mechanism underlying the action of nitrate in correcting the negative effects associated with ammonium and urea nutrition in certain plant species, we studied plant contents of free polyamines and proline associated with nitrogen nutrition involving different nitrogen forms (nitrate, ammonium, urea) in two plant species, wheat and pepper. The results showed that ammonium nutrition and, to a lesser extent, urea nutrition were associated with significant increases in plant putrescine content that were well correlated with reductions in plant growth. These negative effects of ammonium and urea nutrition were corrected by the presence of nitrate in the nutrient solution; the presence of nitrate was also related to a significant decrease in the plant putrescine content. These results are compatible with a specific effect of nitrate reducing ammonium accumulation through the improvement of ammonium assimilation. As for the plant proline content, in pepper a slight increase in this parameter was associated with ammonium and urea nutrition, but it was also decreased by the presence of nitrate in the nutrient solution. These changes, however, were not so clearly related to the variations in plant growth as in the case of putrescine content. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that putrescine biosynthesis might be related to proline degradation by a specific pathway related to ammonium detoxification.

Clomazone Selectivity: Absence of Differential Uptake, Translocation, or Detoxication

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monte R. Weimer ◽  
Douglas D. Buhler ◽  
Nelson E. Balke
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Oxidative Cleavage ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Soybean Seedlings

Concentrations of clomazone in nutrient solution causing 50% reduction in shoot fresh weights were 325 and 2 μM for soybean and velvetleaf, respectively. Root uptake of14C–clomazone from nutrient solution and translocation to shoots were similar for the two species. Soybean and velvetleaf contained similar amounts of14C per plant; however, because velvetleaf had lower tissue weights, concentration of14C was higher in velvetleaf. Clomazone did not accumulate in roots but was rapidly translocated to shoots of both species. No more than 30% of absorbed clomazone remained in roots at any time in the experiment. Soybean and velvetleaf leaves contained 4.2 and 1.7 nmol clomazone g−1fresh weight, respectively, and 3.7 and 6.1 nmol clomazone metabolites g−1fresh weight, respectively. Thus, velvetleaf metabolized clomazone more rapidly than soybean did. Treatment of clomazone metabolites with β-glucosidase demonstrated that metabolism occurred by oxidative cleavage and conjugation of the benzyl moiety in both plant species. One aglycone cochromatographed with 2–chlorobenzylalcohol. The results suggest that reduced absorption or translocation or increased detoxication of clomazone by soybean seedlings is probably not responsible for their tolerance to this herbicide.

scholarly journals Sorption properties of root systems as a criterion for adjusting soil fertility models

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (45) ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
Alexander Saakian ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Sorption Properties ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
White Cabbage ◽  
Different Types

The paper evaluates the sorption properties of the root systems of rice, wheat, vegetable and fruit crops, and weeds in soils with optimal moisture, irrigation, and the development of anaerobiosis. It is shown that different types and varieties of crops differ in the sorption properties of the roots, which must be taken into account when adjusting the optimal soil properties and fertilizer doses. Thus, the ratio of Ca/Fe in the equilibrium nutrient solution was 72.6 under the rice variety "Liman"; 165.0 under the variety" Spalchik"; 222 under the weed prosyanka; 720 under the weed klubnekamysh. The ratio of Md/Ca, Ca/Mp and Ca/Zn in the non-equilibrium nutrient solution of Knopa (1:1) after growing seedlings was -17.4; 300.0 and 17.2, respectively, under cauliflower; 6.6; 53.9 and 8.7 under early white cabbage. It is proven, that the sorption properties of the root systems of plant species and varieties should be taken into account when adjusting the optima of soil properties and fertilizer systems for the planned crop, upon phytomelioration of soils. Keywords: ROOTS, SORPTION PROPERTIES, SOIL FERTILITY MODELS, FERTILIZER SYSTEMS

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