Germination and Emergence of Balloonvine (Cardiospermum halicacabum)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Johnston ◽  
D. S. Murray ◽  
J. C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) scarification of balloonvine (Cardiospermum halicacabumL.) for 3 h reduced balloonvine seed coat thickness by 25%, and resulted in increased water absorption and maximum germination. Germination of balloonvine occurred at temperatures of 15 to 40 C with optimum germination occurring at 35 C. Intact balloonvine seed was more sensitive to simulated moisture stress than soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Bragg’]. No balloonvine germination occurred at osmotic potentials of −2 bars and less with intact seeds. Balloonvine seed with seed coats removed germinated at osmotic potentials of −8 bars. Maximum emergence of balloonvine occurred at the 1- and 3-cm depths with limited emergence at a depth of 12 cm.

Germination and Emergence of Hemp Sesbania (Sesbania exaltata)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Johnston ◽  
R. H. Walker ◽  
D. S. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Sesbania Exaltata ◽  
Hemp Sesbania ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory] was more tolerant to induced moisture stress than soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] with osmotic potentials of −4 and −2 bars, respectively, required to reduce germination. Hemp sesbania germinated at temperatures of 15 to 40 C with optimum germination occurring at 30 to 40 40 C. Seed dormancy was caused by impermeable seed coats. Acid scarification of 45 and 60 min and mechanical scarification 20 and 30 s gave maximum germination. Scarification increased water absorption. Light had no effect on germination. As oxygen content increased from 0 to 21%, germination of unscarified seed increased from 5 to 39%, but germination did not increase as oxygen increased from 21 to 100%. Hemp sesbania and soybean emerged from depths up to 12 cm with maximum emergence occurring at the 1- and 3-cm depths. Hemp sesbania emerged faster and in greater numbers at all depths than soybean.

Germination and Emergence of Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Mann ◽  
C. E. Rieck ◽  
W. W. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Cold Stratification ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Mechanical scarification of burcucumber (Sicyos angulatusL.) seeds resulted in increased water absorption and germination. Burcucumber germination occurred at temperatures ranging from 15 to 35 C with optimum germination occurring from 20 to 30 C. Scarified burcucumber seeds were more sensitive to simulated moisture stress than were either soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Williams’] or corn [Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer Brand 3369A’]. Regardless of osmotic potential, intact burcucumber seeds did not germinate; scarified seeds germinated at osmotic potentials to −6 bars. Cold stratification at 4 C for 18 weeks modified seedcoat permeability so that 11% of non-scarified burcucumber seeds germinated. Increasing depth of planting decreased emergence with limited emergence occurring at depths of 15 and 16 cm in field and growth chamber studies, respectively.

Effects of perturbations and stimulants on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seed germination

1997 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Lautenschlager
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Repeated Freezing ◽  
Key Words Animal ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Seed Coats

Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seeds germinate only after seed coats are degraded. In nature this happens slowly. Seeds from recently collected fruit (fresh to four years old) germinated only after scarification of the seed coat by 20-minute soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid. Germination was not enhanced by: (1) short-term intermittent soaking, up to 81 hours, in dilute (0.01 normal) hydrochloric acid; (2) passage through the digestive tracts of bears, coyotes, or birds; (3) physical perturbations such as nicking, mechanical scarification, repeated freezing and thawing and/or four years of exposure in the field; (4) exposure to light; (5) increased temperatures or temperature fluctuations; or (6) addition of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate, urea). Key words: animal passage, germination, nitrogen, red raspberry, Rubus idaeus L., seed coat, seed weight, scarification, stratification

scholarly journals Improvement of Seedling Emergence of Lupinus texensis Hook. Following Seed Scarification Treatments

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim D. Davis ◽  
Steven W. George ◽  
Abha Upadhyaya ◽  
Jerry Persons
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Seed Scarification ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Abstract Seeds from four commercial seedlots of Lupinus texensis Hook. (Texas bluebonnet) were placed in concentrated sulfuric acid for 0 to 120 minutes and then sown. Emergence was promoted by acid scarification in three of the four seedlots. For the lots that responded to acid scarification, the optimal scarification time was 30–60 minutes which resulted in 85–95% emergence one month after planting. In addition to increasing the total number of seedlings that emerged, acid scarification hastened emergence. The same aliquot of sulfuric acid was used for five 60-minute scarification periods before its efficacy was reduced. Acid scarification did not reduce seed coat thickness or strength but created several small pores in the seed coat which likely facilitated imbibition. Cutting, filing, or piercing the seed coat promoted emergence to a similar extent. Placement of seeds in 85%C (185%F) water and then cooling for 24 hrs promoted emergence relative to the non-treated controls, but was not as effective as other scarification techniques. Freezing and thawing of seeds had no effect on emergence. Results indicate that acid scarification functions by removing a mechanical rather than a chemical barrier to gennination of L. texensis.

scholarly journals Water absorption and dormancy-breaking requirements of physically dormant seeds of Sophora tomentosa L. and Erythrina speciosa Andr. (Fabaceae-Faboideae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Maria Luzia Delgado ◽  
Alexandre Souza de Paula ◽  
Marisa Santos ◽  
Maria Terezinha Silveira Paulilo
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Temperature Fluctuation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Seed Coats

<p>The physical dormancy of seeds has been poorly studied in species from tropical forests, such as the Atlantic Forest. This study aimed to examine the effect of moderate alternating temperatures on breaking the physical dormancy of seeds, the morphoanatomy and histochemistry of seed coats, and to locate the structure/region responsible for water entrance into the seed, after breaking the physical dormancy of seeds of two woody Fabaceae (subfamily Faboideae) species that occur in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: <em>Sophora tomentosa </em>and<em> Erythrina speciosa</em>. To assess temperature effect, seeds were incubated in several temperature values that occur in the Atlantic Forest. For morphological and histochemical studies, sections of fixed seeds were subjected to different reagents, and were observed using light or epifluorescence microscopy, to analyze the anatomy and histochemistry of the seed coat. Treated and non-treated seeds were also analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the morphology of the seed coat. To localize the specific site of water entrance, the seeds were blocked with glue in different regions and also immersed in ink. In the present work a maximum temperature fluctuation of 15ºC was applied during a period of 20 days and these conditions did not increase the germination of <em>S.</em> <em>tomentosa</em> or <em>E. speciosa</em>. These results may indicate that these seeds require larger fluctuation of temperature than the applied or/and longer period of exposition to the temperature fluctuation. Blocking experiments water inlet combined with SEM analysis of the structures of seed coat for both species showed that besides the lens, the hilum and micropyle are involved in water absorption in seeds scarified with hot water. In seeds of <em>E. speciosa</em> the immersion of scarified seeds into an aniline aqueous solution showed that the solution first entered the seed through the hilum. Both species showed seed morphological and anatomical features for seed coats of the subfamily Faboideae. Lignin and callose were found around all palisade layers and the water impermeability and ecological role of these substances are discussed in the work.</p>

scholarly journals 870 PB 200 INFLUENCE OF SCARIFICATION AND TEMPERATURE TREATMENTS ON SEED GERMINATION OF LUPINUS HAVARDII

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 558d-558
Author(s):  
Tim D. Davis ◽  
Wayne A. Mackay ◽  
Daksha Sankhla
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Wide Temperature Range ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Razor Blade ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Big Bend ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Seeds of Lupinus havardii Wats. (Big Bend bluebonnet), a potential cut flower crop, were subjected to a variety of scarification and temperature treatments. Without scarification, only 10-20% of the seeds germinated within one week. Germination percentages increased sigmoidally as scarification time in concentrated sulfuric acid increased. Nearly 100% germination was obtained within one week after seeds were placed in sulfuric acid for 120 min. Nicking the seed coat with a razor blade also resulted in near 100% germination. Soaking the seed in water for 24 h failed to enhance germination. Soaking the seed in ethanol, methanol, or acetone for 2 h likewise failed to enhance germination. Total germination of scarified seed was >90% between 21 and 33C within 28 h. The most rapid germination occurred within a range of 24-29C. Above or below this range germination was delayed. At 35C, seedling, mortality was observed and total germination was reduced to <50%. Our data indicate that seed of this species requires scarification for optimum germination but the seed can germinate over a relatively wide temperature range.

scholarly journals Are Raffinose and Stachyose Unloaded from Soybean Seed Coats to Developing Embryos?

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne M. Kosina ◽  
Steven R. Schnebly ◽  
Ralph L. Obendorf
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Seed Fill ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Stem Leaf

During soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed development, seed coat tissues contain sucrose, myo-inositol, D-chiro-inositol, D-pinitol and low concentrations of galactinol. Low concentrations of fagopyritol B1, galactopinitols, and raffinose also accumulate in seed coats during mid-maturation and stachyose accumulates late in maturation. Traces of raffinose can be detected in cotyledons of young seeds (24 days after pollination) and infrequently in seed coat cup exudates at mid-seed fill. On gas chromatograms, questionable peaks corresponding to the retention time of raffinose may be observed in seed coat cup exudates. To determine if raffinose and stachyose can be unloaded from seed coats into the free space surrounding developing seeds, soybean stem-leaf-pod explants from plants with low-raffinose, low-stachyose seeds (LRS) or normal raffinose and stachyose seeds (CHECK) were fed solutions containing 10 mM raffinose or 10 mM stachyose via the cut stem for 3 days. Raffinose was present in leaf, pod and seed coat tissues after feeding raffinose or stachyose to explants. Small amounts of raffinose were unloaded into seed coat cups. Stachyose accumulated in leaf and pod tissues after feeding stachyose to explants, but stachyose was detected in only one of the 32 seed coat exudates assayed. Soybean seed coats unloaded raffinose in very small amounts that may explain the presence of trace amounts of raffinose in embryo tissues of young seeds.

scholarly journals Examination of seed characters of Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. as potentially applicable species in Serbia under climate change conditions

2014 ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Mihailo Grbic ◽  
Dragana Skocajic ◽  
Matilda Djukic ◽  
Danijela Djunisijevic-Bojovic ◽  
Marija Markovic
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Interior Spaces ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Seed Characters

Seeds of sweet acacia (Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.) were mechanically scarified and treated with concentrated sulfuric acid in order to determine the permeability degree of the seed coat. The obtained results suggest a stronger form of seed coat dormancy that prevents potential invasiveness after introduction. The species is recommended for limited cultivation in outdoor conditions and unlimited use in interior spaces as full size or bonsai trees.

Prevalence of the pit and antipit in the genus Glycine

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 986-987
Author(s):  
R. W. Yaklich ◽  
E. L. Vigil ◽  
W. P. Wergin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
Initial Report ◽  
Cone Cells ◽  
Glycine Max L

The legume seed coat is the site of sucrose unloading and the metabolism of imported ureides and synthesis of amino acids for the developing embryo. The cell types directly responsible for these functions in the seed coat are not known. We recently described a convex layer of tissue on the inside surface of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seed coat that was termed “antipit” because it was in direct opposition to the concave pit on the abaxial surface of the cotyledon. Cone cells of the antipit contained numerous hypertrophied Golgi apparatus and laminated rough endoplasmic reticulum common to actively secreting cells. The initial report by Dzikowski (1936) described the morphology of the pit and antipit in G. max and found these structures in only 68 of the 169 seed accessions examined.

Gallium Arsenide Integrated Circuits Decapsulation Technique Using Mixed Acid Chemistry For Die-Level Failure Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Jeffrey M. Consigo ◽  
Ricardo S. Calanog ◽  
Melissa O. Caseria
Keyword(s):  
Gallium Arsenide ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Plastic Package ◽  
Fuming Nitric Acid ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Abstract Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) integrated circuits have become popular these days with superior speed/power products that permit the development of systems that otherwise would have made it impossible or impractical to construct using silicon semiconductors. However, failure analysis remains to be very challenging as GaAs material is easily dissolved when it is reacted with fuming nitric acid used during standard decapsulation process. By utilizing enhanced chemical decapsulation technique with mixture of fuming nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid at a low temperature backed with statistical analysis, successful plastic package decapsulation happens to be reproducible mainly for die level failure analysis purposes. The paper aims to develop a chemical decapsulation process with optimum parameters needed to successfully decapsulate plastic molded GaAs integrated circuits for die level failure analysis.

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