Influence of Planting Date on the Growth of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) from Seed

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 554-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Keeley ◽  
R. J. Thullen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

Seed of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] were planted during 1976 and 1977 at monthly intervals from March through October to study the growth and reproductive habits of this weed at Shafter, California. Plants were grown for 12 weeks and harvested at 3-week intervals. Emergence and development of plants increased with temperature. April through August plantings yielded 10-to 20-fold as much total fresh weight as March and September plantings. After planting, rhizome production normally began in 3 to 6 weeks and seed production in 6 to 9 weeks. From the April through August plantings, rhizomes accounted for averages of 13, 25, and 40% of the total fresh weight of plants 6, 9, and 12 weeks after planting, respectively. This compared, respectively, with 16, 9, and 6% for roots and 70, 66, and 54% for shoots. Seedlings emerging in March produced rhizomes in early June and viable seed in late June. Seedlings emerging as late as September produced rhizomes and some viable seed before killing frosts in November.

Growth of Johnsongrass Selections Under Different Temperatures and Dark Periods

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Burt ◽  
I. M. Wedderspoon
Keyword(s):  
Dark Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Northern Climate ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Different Climates ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

The differential response of three selections of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) to different temperatures and dark periods was studied in two experiments conducted in growth chambers. The three selections of johnsongrass were obtained from locations representing different climates. At 20 C all three selections grew equally with respect to most parameters of growth studied; however, at 35 C the selection from the southern climate produced more total fresh weight than the other two selections. Rhizome production and the number of stems also were greater in the southern selection at 35 C. An 8-hr dark period prevented flowering in all three selections and significantly reduced rhizome production in two selections compared to the 12-hr dark period. Flowering occurred most rapidly in the selection from a northern climate and most slowly in the selection from a southern climate. The results are discussed in relation to the possible plant adaptive changes and the possibility of weed control through dark period interruption.

scholarly journals Yield and Isoflavone Content of Edamame Varieties at Different Planting Dates and Densities

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 986D-987
Author(s):  
Allison E. Stewart ◽  
Debra J. Carpenter ◽  
Vincent R. Pantalone ◽  
Carl E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Planting Date ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Horticultural Traits ◽  
Isoflavone Content ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Number Of Seeds ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

Consumer interest in Edamame (edible soybean) is increasing due to reported health benefits associated with diets high in soy. The purpose of this study was to compare four varieties of edible soybean grown at four plant spacings on three planting dates. The lines were grown at the Plateau Research and Education Center in Crossville, Tenn. They were analyzed for horticultural traits and isoflavone content. All lines were at the R6 stage. Fresh weight of pods, weight of 200 pods per plot, the number of seeds per 200 pods, and the weight of 100 seeds were recorded from two-row plots (6.10 m x 1.52 m). A significant (P < 0.001) difference was found for fresh weight among planting dates. The May planting had the highest mean fresh weight (3118 g/plot), followed by the June (3068 g/plot) and July (2131 g/plot) dates. The weight per 100 seeds was significantly different (P < 0.001) for planting date and genotype. May seed weight was highest at 49 g, followed by June at 45 g, and July at 42 g per 100 seeds. `Gardensoy-43' was the highest-yielding variety, with a mean of 3253 g/plot. It was followed by `TN00-60' and `TN03-349', with mean fresh weights of 2730 and 2723 g/plot, respectively. The line `TN5601T' had the lowest mean fresh weight of 2389 g/plot. Both fresh weight (P < 0.001) and weight per 100 seeds (P < 0.05) were significantly different among plant spacings. Twenty-six plants per meter within rows yielded the highest total fresh weight per plot (3071 g), but had the lowest mean weight per 100 seeds (43 g). Spacing three plants per meter within rows resulted in the highest weight per 100 seeds (48 g), but the lowest fresh weight per plot (2122 g). Isoflavone content will be measured for each variety, planting date, and spacing.

Influence of Planting Date on Growth of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Keeley ◽  
Charles H. Carter ◽  
Robert J. Thullen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Seed Plant ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Total Seed

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats. # AMAPA) planted in a field at monthly intervals from March through October at Shafter, CA, began to emerge in March when soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm reached 18 C. With the exception of March and April plantings, at least 50% of the seed of later plantings produced seedlings within 2 weeks after planting. Although growth of plants was initially slower for early plantings, plantings from March to July reached 2 m or greater in height by fall. Due to longer growing times, plantings from March to June eventually produced more dry matter and a greater number of inflorescences than later plantings. Plants began flowering 5 to 9 weeks after planting in March through June and 3 to 4 weeks after planting in July through October. Some viable seed was produced as early as 2 to 3 weeks after flowering began. Total seed production in the fall ranged from 200 000 to 600 000 seed/plant for the March through June plantings, and 115 to 80 000 seed/plant for the July through September plantings. Killing frosts in November prevented Palmer amaranth planted in October from producing seed.

Growth and Development of Three Johnsongrass Selections

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Wedderspoon ◽  
G. W. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

Three selections of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) were collected from three locations and designated as the N, NS, and S selections, respectively. The selections were studied for growth differences and for a differential response to dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid). The N selection control plants flowered 2 weeks earlier than the other selections. The S selection yielded significantly greater root, rhizome, and total fresh weight than the NS and N selections. The N selection exhibited the most susceptibility to dalapon by producing the shortest plants, the least stem and leaf numbers, and the lowest shoot, root, rhizome, and total fresh weight of the three selections.

scholarly journals Do applications of systemic herbicides when green fruit are present prevent seed production or viability of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard)?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Leo Roth ◽  
José Luiz C. S. Dias ◽  
Christopher Evans ◽  
Kevin Rohling ◽  
Mark Renz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Control Seed ◽  
Second Year

Garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande] is a biennial invasive plant commonly found in the northeastern and midwestern United States. Although it is not recommended to apply herbicides after flowering, land managers frequently desire to conduct management during this timing. We applied glyphosate and triclopyr (3% v/v and 1% v/v using 31.8% and 39.8% acid equivalent formulations, respectively) postemergence to established, second-year A. petiolata populations at three locations when petals were dehiscing, and evaluated control, seed production and seed viability. Postemergence glyphosate applications at this timing provided 100% control of A. petiolata by 4 weeks after treatment at all locations whereas triclopyr efficacy was variable, providing 38-62% control. Seed production was only reduced at one location, with similar results regardless of treatment. Percent seed viability was also reduced, and when combined with reductions in seed production, we found a 71-99% reduction in number of viable seed produced plant-1 regardless of treatment. While applications did not eliminate viable seed production, our findings indicate that glyphosate and triclopyr applied while petals were dehiscing is a viable alternative to cutting or hand-pulling at this timing as it substantially decreased viable A. petiolata seed production. Management Implications Postemergence glyphosate and triclopyr applications in the early spring to rosettes are standard treatments used to manage A. petiolata. However, weather and other priorities limit the window for management, forcing field practitioners to utilize more labor-intensive methods such as hand-pulling. It is not known how late in the development of A. petiolata these herbicides can be applied to prevent viable seed production. Since prevention of soil seedbank replenishment is a key management factor for effective long-term control of biennial invasive species, we hypothesized late spring foliar herbicide applications to second year A. petiolata plants when flower petals were dehiscing could be an effective management tool if seed production or viability is eliminated. Our study indicated that glyphosate applications at this timing provided 100% control of A. petiolata plants by 4 weeks after treatment at all locations, whereas triclopyr efficacy was inconsistent. Although both glyphosate and triclopyr decreased viable seed production to nearly zero at one of our three study locations, the same treatments produced significant amounts of viable seed at the other two locations. Our findings suggest late spring glyphosate and triclopyr applications should not be recommended over early spring applications to rosettes for A. petiolata management, as our late spring application timing did not prevent viable seed production, and may require multiple years of implementation to eradicate populations. Nonetheless, this application timing holds value in areas devoid of desirable understory vegetation compared to no management practices or mechanical management options including hand-pulling when fruit are present, as overall viable seed production was reduced to similar levels as these treatments.

scholarly journals Cryogenic Storage of Tomato Pollen: Effect on Fecundity

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik J. Sacks ◽  
Dina A. St. Clair
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Pollen Storage ◽  
Germplasm Storage ◽  
Cryogenic Storage ◽  
Fresh Pollen ◽  
Tomato Breeding ◽  
Pollen Effect

The influence of cryogenic pollen storage on fruit set and seed production in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was investigated. Flowers pollinated with pollen samples stored for 5 weeks at –80C, with or without 20 h precooling at 4C, had similar fruit set and number of viable seed per fruit as those pollinated with fresh pollen. Pollen samples, which were repeatedly cooled (–80C) and warmed (to 22 to 24C) for up to six cycles, continuously maintained the same viability as the fresh pollen. When cryogenically stored pollen of L. esculentum 2-837, LA359, LA3198, and LA3199 were used to pollinate LA359, the number of viable seed formed per fruit differed significantly. Results of this study suggest that pollen cryopreservation can be used successfully for tomato breeding and germplasm storage.

scholarly journals Flowering, Fecundity, Seed Germination, and Seed Viability of Viburnum opulus L. Cultivars

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Janine R. Conklin ◽  
James C. Sellmer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Viburnum Opulus ◽  
Tetrazolium Test

Abstract Mature specimens of Viburnum opulus and cultivars ‘Leonard's Dwarf’ and ‘Roseum’ were assessed over 2 years for flower and seed production, seed germination, and seed viability as determined by a tetrazolium test to understand their invasive potential. ‘Aureum’, ‘Compactum’, ‘Losely's Compact’, ‘Nanum’, and ‘Xanthocarpum’ were also tested for germination and viability of seeds. Cultivars differed in flower and seed production, seed germination, and seed viability. ‘Roseum’ prolifically produced highly viable seed that germinated at moderate rates under greenhouse conditions (8,354, 100%, and 73%, respectively). Viburnum opulus and ‘Leonard's Dwarf’ produced fewer viable seed which showed moderate to low germination rates (609, 100%, and 53%; 712, 100%, and 5%, respectively). ‘Aureum’ and ‘Xanthocarpum’ seeds germinated at moderate rates (55 and 25%, respectively) and were highly viable (100%). ‘Compactum’, ‘Losely's Compact’, and ‘Nanum’ germinated at low rates or failed to germinate (0, 0, and 5%, respectively), yet seeds were moderately viable (37, 65, and 55%, respectively). Seeds of all cultivars germinated at low rates or failed to germinate at both outdoor sites (0 to 5%) which suggests these plants may be weakly invasive. Short-term studies on biological traits such as these provide only limited information to assess the invasive potential of cultivars.

scholarly journals Growth and Ginsenosides Content of Ginseng Sprouts According to LED-Based Light Quality Changes

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1979
Author(s):  
Yoon-Jeong Kim ◽  
Thi Kim Loan Nguyen ◽  
Myung-Min Oh
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Light Spectra ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Total Saponin ◽  
R Ratio ◽  
Saponin Content ◽  
One Year ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

This study investigated growth and ginsenosides content of ginseng sprouts under various light spectra. One-year-old ginseng seedlings were cultivated under various light treatments including: monochromatic (red (R), green (G), and blue (B)), various RB and RGB combinations, white (fluorescent lamps (FL) and natural white (NW)), and supplemental far red (FR). R and high R ratio increased growth characteristics of ginseng sprouts (excepted for root dry weight). The replacement of G for B in RGB group and W group did not increase the growth, and supplemental FR increased shoot and root fresh weights, total fresh weight, and leaf area. R had 1.5 times higher photosynthetic rate compared to B and G, and R8G1B1 and R9G1B0 showed the highest values in RGB group; whereas the RB, W, and FR groups did not enhance photosynthetic rate. B and high B ratio increased shoot saponin and ginsenosides, total saponin and ginsenosides contents. Total saponin content in shoot was 4.4 times higher than that in root. The supplemental FR enhanced both total saponin and ginsenosides contents. In conclusion, NW + FR showed the highest total fresh weight, saponin and ginsenosides contents among all treatments, suggesting that supplementation of FR has a positive effect on ginseng sprouts grown in plant factories.

scholarly journals Late-Season Weed Management to Stop Viable Weed Seed Production

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Hill ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Mark J. VanGessel ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Barbara A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Mature Seeds

Integrated weed management (IWM) for agronomic and vegetable production systems utilizes all available options to effectively manage weeds. Late-season weed control measures are often needed to improve crop harvest and stop additions to the weed seed bank. Eliminating the production of viable weed seeds is one of the key IWM practices. The objective of this research was to determine how termination method and timing influence viable weed seed production of late-season weed infestations. Research was conducted in Delaware, Michigan, and New York over a 2-yr period. The weeds studied included: common lambsquarters, common ragweed, giant foxtail, jimsonweed, and velvetleaf. Three termination methods were imposed: cutting at the plant base (simulating hand hoeing), chopping (simulating mowing), and applying glyphosate. The three termination timings were flowering, immature seeds present, and mature seeds present. Following termination, plants were stored in the field in mesh bags until mid-Fall when seeds were counted and tested for viability. Termination timing influenced viable seed development; however, termination method did not. Common ragweed and giant foxtail produced viable seeds when terminated at the time of flowering. All species produced some viable seed when immature seeds were present at the time of termination. The time of viable seed formation varied based on species and site-year, ranging from plants terminated the day of flowering to 1,337 growing degree d after flowering (base 10, 0 to 57 calendar d). Viable seed production was reduced by 64 to 100% when common lambsquarters, giant foxtail, jimsonweed, and velvetleaf were terminated with immature seeds present, compared to when plants were terminated with some mature seeds present. Our results suggest that terminating common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and giant foxtail prior to flowering, and velvetleaf and jimsonweed less than 2 and 3 wk after flowering, respectively, greatly reduces weed seed bank inputs.

Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum) Growth as Affected by Irrigation Management and Planting Date

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 374-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Schroeder ◽  
Clyde C. Dowler ◽  
James R. Stansell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Soil Matric Potential ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Total Seed

The effect of soil matric potential from −0.02 to <–1.5 MPa on Texas panicum growth in drainage lysimeters covered by an automatic rainfall shelter was measured in 1984, 1985, and 1986. Rate of tiller production was faster for plants established in April than June in 1984 and 1985, but not 1986. In 1985 and 1986, dry weight was greater, but total seed production was less for plants established in April than June. Irrigation when the soil matric potential was −0.02, −0.075, or −1.5 MPa did not affect rate of tiller production in 1984. Irrigation when the soil matric potential was −1.5 MPa decreased dry weight of plants but increased seed number per panicle compared to irrigation when the soil matric potential was −0.02 MPa in 1985 and 1986. Plants grown in lysimeters irrigated at soil matric potential <–1.5 MPa in 1985 and 1986 did not wilt at 8:00 a.m.; therefore, they were not watered after establishment. These nonirrigated plants averaged 0.9 and 0.4 kg dry weight and produced 92 200 and 16 100 seeds in 1985 and 1986, respectively.

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