Inhibition of Cotton and Soybean Roots from Incorporated Trifluralin and Persistence in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence R. Oliver ◽  
R. E. Frans
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Soil Persistence ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Power Tiller ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Root Inhibition

Inhibition of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) lateral roots by alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) was directly related to depth and method of incorporation. Root inhibition of the crop plants was reduced when trifluralin was incorporated shallowly after planting with either a power tiller or a ground-driven tiller, to a depth no greater than 0.5 in above seed placement. A bioassay of the soil showed that disking trifluralin-treated plots before bedding caused the greatest retention of the material 3 weeks later, and that retention was less when the herbicide was applied and shallowly incorporated after planting. Further studies on the relationship of soil persistence of trifluralin to depth of incorporation 6 months after application, showed no herbicide present in plots not incorporated while only minimal residues were found where incorporation was no deeper than 1 in. Residues in plots incorporated below the 2-in depth were moderate at 0.5 to 1 lb/A rates and high at the 2 lb/A rate and above.

A Microradioautographic Study of14C-Trifluralin Absorption

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Strang ◽  
R. L. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Limited Movement ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Seedling Diseases

The technique of microradioautography was used to study the absorption and translocation ofa,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) by cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL., var. Coker 201) and soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr., var. Lee). Radioactivity from14C-trifluralin was retained primarily on the surfaces of the roots of cotton and soybean. This was apparently due to a tenacious adsorption or binding of the radioactivity to the epidermis and cuticle. Entrance of radioactivity into the roots of these species was greatly facilitated by breaks in the epidermis, such as might occur from seedling diseases or mechanical damage. Within the roots, radioactivity was noted in the walls of the xylem vessels and cortical cells. Little movement out of the soybean roots was observed, but limited movement of radioactivity into the leaves of cotton, apparently via the metaxylem, was noted. Radioactivity accumulated in the protoxylem of the cotton stem where many elements appeared to be plugged. Results of this study indicate that care should be used in interpreting data from studies where loss of radioactivity from nutrient media is used as a criterion of herbicide absorption, and where gross radio autography is used as an indicator of herbicide translocation.

Performance of BAS 9052 Applied to Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 796-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. James Retzinger ◽  
R. Larry Rogers ◽  
Ronald P. Mowers
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Exponential Equation ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The performance of BAS 9052 {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)-butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)-propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} was evaluated when applied postemergence to rhizome and seedling johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA] in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Bragg’ and ‘Centennial’] when the soybeans had four or five trifoliate leaves (V3 to V4 stages) or when they had six to eight trifoliate leaves (V5 to V7 growth stages). The degree of weed control was more strongly associated with rainfall conditions than with the size of the johnsongrass. An exponential equation was used to describe the relationship of soybean seed yield to BAS 9052 rate. BAS 9052 applications of 0.28 kg ai/ha provided an estimated 98% of the potential soybean yield increase when rainfall was adequate but, 0.41 kg ai/ha was required when the plants were grown under moisture stress. Soybean yields were increased by 260 kg/ha when BAS 9052 was applied at the V3 to V4 compared to the V5 to V7 growth stage.

scholarly journals The Relationship of the Contents of Calcium, Potassium and Pectin with Cracking of Seed Coat of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-440
Author(s):  
Takayo Saikusa ◽  
Shin-ichiro Kawase ◽  
Toshiroh Horino ◽  
Kyouko Toda ◽  
Yoshiyuki Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Soybean Seedcoat Mottling: Association with Soybean mosaic virus and Phomopsis spp. Seed Infection

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Koning ◽  
D. M. TeKrony ◽  
S. A. Ghabrial
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Nucleic Acid Hybridization ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) infection predisposes soybean (Glycine max) seed to Phomopsis spp. seed infection and may induce seedcoat mottling. The extent of seedcoat mottling associated with the accumulation of SMV or Phomopsis spp. infection of the seedcoat was investigated in 1996 and 1997. Plants of two SMV-susceptible cultivars, ‘Clark’ and ‘Williams’, were sap inoculated with the G2 strain of SMV at growth stage R2. Control plants (SMV-resistant isolines L78-434 and L78-379, respectively) were not inoculated. Harvested seed were evaluated visually for seedcoat mottling and sorted into four categories (severe, banded, blemish, and none) according to the degree of seedcoat pigmentation. Seed infection with Phomopsis spp. was determined and SMV accumulation was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and nucleic acid hybridization analysis. Phomopsis spp. were isolated from seed of all mottling categories, with the incidence of infection increasing as the degree of seedcoat mottling increased. SMV was detected in both mottled and nonmottled seedcoats, with generally higher levels of SMV in mottled seedcoats. However, the relationship of SMV titer to seedcoat mottling was inconsistent across cultivars and years. Thus, the extent of seedcoat mottling was not directly related to the accumulation of SMV in the seedcoat.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Studies on Leukemogenic and Sarcomagenic Viruses

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Leon Dmochowski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Electron microscopy has proved to be an invaluable discipline in studies on the relationship of viruses to the origin of leukemia, sarcoma, and other types of tumors in animals and man. The successful cell-free transmission of leukemia and sarcoma in mice, rats, hamsters, and cats, interpreted as due to a virus or viruses, was proved to be due to a virus on the basis of electron microscope studies. These studies demonstrated that all the types of neoplasia in animals of the species examined are produced by a virus of certain characteristic morphological properties similar, if not identical, in the mode of development in all types of neoplasia in animals, as shown in Fig. 1.

The relationship of IGE receptor topography to signaling activity in RBL-2H3 mast cells

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
J.R. Pfeiffer ◽  
J.C. Seagrave ◽  
C. Wofsy ◽  
J.M. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Scattered Electron ◽  
Ige Receptor ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Ige Binding ◽  
Electron Imaging ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In RBL-2H3 rat leukemic mast cells, crosslinking IgE-receptor complexes with anti-IgE antibody leads to degranulation. Receptor crosslinking also stimulates the redistribution of receptors on the cell surface, a process that can be observed by labeling the anti-IgE with 15 nm protein A-gold particles as described in Stump et al. (1989), followed by back-scattered electron imaging (BEI) in the scanning electron microscope. We report that anti-IgE binding stimulates the redistribution of IgE-receptor complexes at 37“C from a dispersed topography (singlets and doublets; S/D) to distributions dominated sequentially by short chains, small clusters and large aggregates of crosslinked receptors. These patterns can be observed (Figure 1), quantified (Figure 2) and analyzed statistically. Cells incubated with 1 μg/ml anti-IgE, a concentration that stimulates maximum net secretion, redistribute receptors as far as chains and small clusters during a 15 min incubation period. At 3 and 10 μg/ml anti-IgE, net secretion is reduced and the majority of receptors redistribute rapidly into clusters and large aggregates.

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