Influence of Paraquat on Seed Germination

Three experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to study the effect of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salt (paraquat) when sprayed directly on seeds at the soil surface. Germination of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., var. DuPuit) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L., var. Kenland) was not affected at 1 1b/A paraquat, but germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., var. Newport) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., var. Linn) was severely reduced at that rate. A protecting layer of soil approximately 0.25 inch thick was completely effective in protecting the seeds from the effect of paraquat. Germination of seven other grass species was reduced by 0.5 1b/A paraquat.

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Ileal amino acid digestibilities in pigs of barley-based diets with inclusion of lucerne (Medicago sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (Trifolium pratense) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114599001294 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 82 (2) ◽

pp. 139-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

M. Reverter ◽

T. Lundh ◽

J. E. Lindberg

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Medicago Sativa ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

White Clover ◽

Trifolium Repens ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Red Clover ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Ileal Digestibility

Two experiments were performed with post-valve T-cannulated growing pigs, using five animals in each experiment in a change-over design to evaluate the effect of inclusion of four different dried forage meals on ileal crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) digestibilities. The control diets (C1 and C2) were barley-based and the experimental diets were formulated by replacing the barley with 100 or 200 g/kg of either lucerne (Medicago sativa) or white clover (Trifolium repens) meal in Expt 1 and red clover (Trifolium pratense) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) meal in Expt 2. A decrease (P< 0·05) in the apparent ileal digestibility of CP and most of the essential and nonessential AA was found with the inclusion of lucerne, white clover and perennial ryegrass meal in the barley-based diets. When red clover meal was included, only the apparent ileal digestibilities of CP, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and glutamic acid were found to decrease (P< 0·05). The estimated apparent ileal digestibilities of most essential AA in the forage meals were lower than in the barley-based diets. The ileal flow of glucosamine and ornithine was found to increase (P< 0·05) with increasing proportion of fibre in the diet, suggesting an increase in endogenous N secretions and small-intestinal microbial activity. With the minor changes found for ileal essential AA digestibilities with forage meal inclusion in the diet the present data confirm the potential of forage meals as a source of protein in pig diets.

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Germination of Seeds of Turfgrasses as Affected by Glyphosate and Paraquat

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500065735 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 191-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Dayton L. Klingman ◽

J. J. Murray

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Red Fescue ◽

Grass Turf

Effects of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) on turfgrass seed germination were evaluated in the greenhouse. Glyphosate caused little effect on germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and tall fescue (F. arundinacea Schreb.) when applied to the soil immediately before seeding or when applied directly over the seed on the soil surface. Paraquat sprayed directly over the seed on the soil surface prevented germination of most of the seeds of the three grass species. Covering seeds on the soil surface with clippings from grass turf sprayed with paraquat greatly reduced germination. About half of those that germinated either died later or were severely chlorotic. Covering seeds on the surface of the soil with clippings from turf that had been sprayed with glyphosate did not significantly reduce the number of seedlings established.

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Optimizing Pre-germination Techniques for Kentucky Bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass1

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-37.1.19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 19-23

Author(s):

Julie H. Campbell ◽

Jason J. Henderson ◽

John C. Inguagiato ◽

Victoria H. Wallace ◽

Anthony Minniti

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Lolium Perenne L ◽

Seed Soaking ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Many intensively trafficked areas such as athletic fields and golf courses require constant overseeding to maintain suitable turfgrass cover. Rapid seed germination and development are critical to managing these high wear areas. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of water aeration, seed soaking duration, and water temperature on mean germination time (MGT) and final germination percentage (FGP) of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., KBG) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., PRG). Two separate controlled environment studies were conducted. PRG soaked in aerated water from 8 to 48 h had a 20% decrease in MGT compared to an untreated control, while treated KBG decreased MGT by only 10% compared to an untreated control. Soaking duration and water temperature had significant effects on KBG. KBG MGT was optimized at 20 C (68 F) water temperature with a soaking duration of 24 h. MGT of PRG was optimized when soaked for 8 h while water was aerated. There was no significant difference in FGP for any of the treatments tested. Index words: turfgrass, aeration, seed soaking. Species used in this study: Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.); perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).

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Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.115.4.608 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 115 (4) ◽

pp. 608-611 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese ◽

C.R. Funk

Keyword(s):

New Jersey ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Host Plants ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Grass Species ◽

Red Fescue

Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.

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The effects of red clover (Trifolium pratense var. redhead), white clover (Trifolium repens var. S 100) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne var. S 23) on the reproductive performance of sheep

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600057804 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 80 (2) ◽

pp. 323-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J. E. Newton ◽

J. E. Betts

Keyword(s):

Litter Size ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

White Clover ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Red Clover ◽

The Third ◽

S 100 ◽

The Mean

SummaryDuring 3 years, three groups of 20 Scottish half-bred ewes were grazed on perennial ryegrass, white clover or red clover. During this period the two legumes were oestrogenic, in terms of teat-length extension of wethers, but the perennial ryegrass was not. The white clover was only markedly oestrogenic when there was a high proportion of diseased leaves. The mean litter size and lambing percentage of the ewes grazed on red clover was significantly reduced. White clover, although it was oestrogenic, had no effect on mean litter size or lambing percentage. The mean litter size of the ewes on the perennial ryegrass was 2·35, 2·30 and 2·24, on the white clover was 2·20, 2·33 and 2·23 and on the red clover was 1middot;60, 1·67 and 1·78 for the three lambings. Lambing percentage of the ewes on the perennial ryegrass was 175, 225 and 218, on the white clover was 210, 222 and 189, and on the red clover was 160, 128 and 118 for the three lambings. The lambing date of the ewes grazing on the red clover was significantly later at the third lambing.

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Weed Suppression Potential of Living Mulches, Newspaper Hydromulches, and Compost Blankets in Organically Managed Carrot Production

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04745-20 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Jesse Puka-Beals ◽

Greta Gamig

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Red Clover ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Living Mulch ◽

Carrot Root ◽

Organically Managed

Direct seeding into strip-tilled zones (STZs) of living mulches may require weed suppression tactics for soil surfaces exposed within the STZ. Three surface mulch options (hydromulch, compost blanket, and a no-mulch control) were evaluated for their ability to suppress weeds and improve crop performance when applied in STZs seeded to carrot (Daucus carota). These STZs were located within one of five living mulch options [red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clover (Trifolium repens), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), a weed-free control, and a weedy control]. From measurements spanning 2 years at two North Dakota locations, dry weed biomass was lower in STZs where hydromulch or compost blankets were applied compared with the no-mulch control (12, 13, and 82 g·m−2, respectively). The presence of a living mulch adjacent to the STZ reduced carrot root biomass by 49% to 84% compared with the weed-free control. Further research should 1) investigate methods for reducing yield loss from living mulches, and 2) develop biodegradable alternatives to plastic mulches.

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Wild Oat Control in Kentucky Bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500065152 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 525-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. O. Lee

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Avena Fatua ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Wild Oat ◽

Boot Stage ◽

Untreated Check ◽

Seed Yields

MSMA (Monosodium methanearsonate) applied postemergence at 4.5, 6.7, or 9.0 kg/ha controlled wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) in new plantings of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL. ‘Pennstar’) and in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Reveille,’ ‘Pennfine’). MSMA at 4.5 kg/ha was almost as effective as the higher rates in controlling wild oat. MSMA at 2.2 kg/ha was less effective in some experiments. Visual injury to the perennial grasses was negligible. Satisfactory grass stands developed at all MSMA rates. Perennial ryegrass seed yields were higher than the untreated check in most experiments when MSMA was applied at 4.5, 6.7, or 9.0 kg/ha before the grass reached the boot stage. When MSMA was applied after the ryegrass reached the boot stage, some of the treatments reduced ‘Reveille’ perennial ryegrass seed production.

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279 Influence of NaCl on Seed Germination of Selected Cool-season Turfgrass Species

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.490d ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 490D-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hoon Kang ◽

Chiwon W. Lee

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Crested Wheatgrass ◽

Red Fescue

The influence of increasing levels (0.0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6%, and 2.0%) of NaCl on the germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) was investigated. Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and crested wheatgrass had a 50% reduction in germination at 0.2%, 0.6%, and 0.6% NaCl, respectively, compared to the control and completely lost germination at 0.6%, 1.2%, and 1.6% NaCl, respectively. Seed germination in both annual ryegrass and perennial ryegrass was only 50% of the control at 1.2% NaCl and completely inhibited at 2.0% NaCl. Tall fescue, red fescue, and creeping red fescue showed a 50% reduction in germination at NaCl concentrations of 1.2%, 1.2%, and 0.8%, respectively, while showing a complete inhibition of germination at 2.0%, 2.0%, and 1.6% NaCl, respectively.

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