Root Absorption and Translocation of Picloram by Oats and Soybeans

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Isensee ◽  
G. E. Jones ◽  
B. C. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Initial Uptake

The effects of time, concentration, pH, temperature, and metabolic inhibitors on 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) uptake from nutrient solution by oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Markton’) and soybeans (Glycine maxL. ‘Lee’) were studied. Oats and soybeans had similar absorption patterns of rapid initial uptake. However, total accumulation patterns markedly differed in that accumulation was concentration-dependent for oats but not for soybeans. Initial uptake by oats and soybean roots increased as solution concentration increased. Picloram was redistributed in oats and soybeans and some egress from roots to solution occurred. Picloram uptake by both plant species was markedly diminished with an increase in pH from 3.5 to 4.5, but pH had little effect from 4.5 to 9.5. Less picloram was taken up by oats and soybean roots from solution maintained at 4 C than at 26 C. Translocation to tops followed a similar trend. Increasing concentrations of three metabolic inhibitors, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), sodium azide, and sodium arsenite, reduced root uptake of picloram in both species. All inhibitors (except DNP for oats) at 10−6to 10−5molar concentrations stimulated translocation of picloram to oats and soybean tops while higher concentrations depressed translocation.

Uptake of Herbicides by Soybean Roots in Culture Solutions

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 642-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Moody ◽  
C. A. Kust ◽  
K. P. Buchholtz
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Total Uptake ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Initial Uptake

Uptake of herbicides by excised roots of soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) plants was studied over periods of 30 min, 8 hr, and 48 hr. In the 48-hr experiment, initial rate of herbicide uptake was rapid and was greater at higher temperatures and external herbicide concentrations. Rates of initial uptake varied among herbicides. Over 30-min periods, rapid herbicide uptake by excised roots for 2.5 to 5 min was followed by much slower uptake. Total uptake for 30 min and 1 hr was in the order of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea(linuron) > isopropyl-m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) >S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) > 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben) > 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine). However, total uptake after 48 hr was in the order of chloropropham > linuron > EPTC > atrazine > amiben, indicating that rates of uptake for the herbicides changed over 48 hr. Values of Q10for herbicide uptake were always less than 1.85, indicating that physical processes were important in uptake of herbicides by excised soybean roots. Uptake of herbicides over 8 hr by roots of intact plants was similar at 5, 10, and 20 C to uptake by excised roots, but uptake at 30 C was less for roots of intact plants than for excised roots. Transpiration increased as temperature increased, but herbicide uptake and transpiration were unrelated.

Alteration in glyceollin synthesis and antigenic patterns after chemical induction of resistance in soybean to Macrophomina phaseolina

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 835-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Chakraborty ◽  
R. P. Purkayastha
Keyword(s):  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Chemical Induction ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Induction Of Resistance ◽  
Rot Disease

Sodium azide was found to be most effective of the six metabolic inhibitors tested in reducing charcoal rot disease of soybean (cv. Soymax) caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. Glyceollin production also increased significantly after induction of resistance by sodium azide treatment. Cross-reactive antigens were detected in purified preparations from mycelia of M. phaseolina with antisera of soybean roots by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic tests. An antigenic dispartity was noticed in the susceptible cultivar (cv. Soymax) after chemical induction of resistance. The changes in antigenic pattern and their involvement in induced resistance of soybean to M. phaseolina are discussed.

Vitamin E Levels in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Expressing a p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Gene from Oat (Avena sativa L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (15) ◽  
pp. 3453-3457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Kramer ◽  
Karen L. Launis ◽  
Maret G. Traber ◽  
Dennis P. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Glycine Max L

Release of Herbicides by Soybean Roots in Culture Solutions

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Moody ◽  
C. A. Kust ◽  
K. P. Buchholtz
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The release of 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben), 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham), S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) from excised soybean (Glycine max(L) Merr., var. Chippewa) roots following uptake of the herbicides from solutions for 1 hr was studied. Rates of release of herbicides into water were rapid with at least 30% of that taken up being released during the first 30 min. Herbicide X time and herbicide X concentration interactions were highly significant. In most instances, slow release continued for 4 hr, which was the duration of the experiment. Use of herbicide or nutrient solutions as release solutions did not significantly change the amounts of herbicides released. It was concluded that herbicide molecules released after 1 hr uptake were those that had diffused out from free space rather than those released from uptake or adsorptive sites.

Effect of Alachlor on PEG6000Uptake, Root Osmotic Potential, and Root Leakage

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 600-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Vavrina ◽  
Richard A. Ashley
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Root Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Sweet corn (Zea maysL.rugosa'Seneca Scout’) and soybeans (Glycine maxL. Merr. ‘Kanrich’) were grown in nutrient solutions containing alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at 2.36 × 10-5M, polyethylene glycol MW 6000 (PEG6000) at −2.5 bars osmotic potential, alachlor at 2.36 × 10-5M plus PEG6000at −2.5 bars osmotic potential or with no additions. Sweet corn and soybean roots exposed to alachlor plus PEG6000accumulated significantly more PEG6000than roots exposed to PEG6000alone; increased shoot uptake occurred only in soybean. Alachlor was also shown to significantly increase root osmotic potential and decrease root electrolyte leakage.

Absorption and Translocation of Sethoxydim with Additives

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Grzegorz A. Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Oil Percentage ◽  
Petroleum Oil ◽  
Emulsifier Concentration

Experiments were conducted to determine14C absorption and translocation by oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Lyon’) foliarly treated with14C-sethoxydim {(2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one)} and various additives. Safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], linseed (Linum usitatissimumL.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) oil all similarly increased foliar absorption and translocation of14C more than palm oil (Elaeis quineensisJacq.) but less than petroleum oil, when applied without an emulsifier. An emulsifier in the oil additive tended to enhance14C absorption and translocation more in soybean oil than petroleum oil so that14C absorption and translocation were similar with both oils containing emulsifiers. Absorption and translocation of14C tended to increase more with an increase in emulsifier concentration in soybean oil than in petroleum oil but not beyond 15% with either oil. Percentage of14C absorbed and translocated from14C-sethoxydim applied to oats increased as the amount of soybean oil applied increased from 2.3 to 4.6 L/ha, but the increase was less for sethoxydim at 0.87 kg ai/ha than at 0.03 or 0.17 kg ai/ha.

Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Chlorimuron in Soybean (Glycine max) and Morningglory (Ipomoeaspp.)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll Moseley ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios ◽  
Edward S. Hagood
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Resistant Cultivar ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Herbicide Metabolism ◽  
Species Translocation

The uptake, translocation, and metabolism of the ethyl ester of chlorimuron in three soybean cultivars and two morningglory species was investigated. Soybean used included the normal cultivars ‘Vance’ and ‘Essex,’ and the sulfonylurea-resistant cultivar ‘W-20.’ Entireleaf morningglory and pitted morningglory, both moderately tolerant to chlorimuron, were used. Twenty-day-old seedlings of all plant species were exposed to root-applied14C-labeled chlorimuron for 6, 24, and 72 h. After 24 and 72 h, chlorimuron uptake was lowest in W-20 soybean and the two morningglory species. Translocation of root-absorbed chlorimuron to shoots and leaves of all species was limited and it did not differ among species. The moderate tolerance of pitted and entireleaf morningglories to chlorimuron may be due to reduced herbicide uptake. The response of Essex and Vance soybean to chlorimuron was related to herbicide metabolism. At 6 h after treatment with radiolabeled chlorimuron, Essex soybean metabolized the herbicide more rapidly than either W-20 or Vance soybean. At 24 h and 72 h, Essex and Vance soybean metabolized chlorimuron to the same extent. W-20 was not very efficient in metabolizing chlorimuron at any time after treatment and its resistance to chlorimuron is due to an altered target site.

In vitro sugar uptake by grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) juice-sac cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Huberman ◽  
Uri Zehavi ◽  
Wilfred D. Stein ◽  
Ed Etxeberria ◽  
Raphael Goren
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Sugar Uptake ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Citrus Juice ◽  
14Co2 Evolution ◽  
Independent Process ◽  
Initial Uptake ◽  
Juice Sacs ◽  
Slight Inhibition

To further our understanding of the mechanisms of sugar uptake and accumulation into grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Marsh seedless), the patterns of uptake and utilisation of sucrose, glucose and fructose by Citrus juice cells was investigated. Analyses were conducted on sliced juice sacs that were incubated in radioactive [14C]-sugar solutions with unlabelled sugars, in the presence or absence of metabolic inhibitors. Both hexoses demonstrated an initial uptake peak in December and a second uptake peak in February–March. From March through April the rates of sucrose uptake increased to levels comparable to those of glucose and fructose. Sucrose and its moieties fructose and glucose entered the juice cells of Citrus juice fruit by an insaturable, and mostly by an independent, process. However, NaN3 and carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) produced slight inhibition of these processes. Cells took up hexoses at a greater rate than sucrose, with accumulation reaching a plateau by 4–8 h, and then continuing unabated, in the case of glucose, for 42 h. Uptake of all three sugars increased linearly in the range of sugar concentrations tested, which extended from 0.01 to 320 mm, denoting an insaturable system for sugar uptake. 14CO2 evolution was relatively low in all the experiments, the lowest evolution being recorded when the uptake of [14C]-sucrose was studied, while the highest 14CO2 evolution was recorded when the uptake of [14C]-glucose was studied. The data demonstrate a preferential utilisation of glucose over fructose and sucrose. In all the experiments, the two metabolic inhibitors significantly inhibited the decarboxylation of the three sugars.

Effects of 2,4,5-T, Triclopyr, and 3,6-Dichloropicolinic Acid on Crop Seedlings

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
R. E. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Grain Sorghum

Triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid}, 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid were applied to the foliage of juvenile crop plants at 0.002, 0.009, 0.03, 0.14, and 0.56 kg/ha. Corn (Zea maysL.), oat (Avena sativaL.), wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench], and kleingrass (Panicum coloratumL.) were generally more tolerant to the herbicides than were peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.), and soybean (Glycine max[L.] Merr.). Triclopyr was usually more phytotoxic to corn, oat, grain sorghum, and kleingrass than either 2,4,5-T or 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid at 0.14 and 0.56 kg/ha, but few differences occurred among herbicides at lower rates. Kleingrass was not affected at any rate of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid. Wheat tolerated most rates of all three herbicides. At 0.56 kg/ha, triclopyr and 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid caused greater injury to peanuts than did 2,4,5-T; whereas, 2,4,5-T and triclopyr were more damaging to cotton and cucumber than 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid. The three herbicides at 0.14 and 0.56 kg/ha killed soybeans. Soybean injury varied from none to severe at 0.002 to 0.03 kg/ha, depending upon species investigated, but many plants showed morphological symptoms typical of the auxin-type herbicides.

scholarly journals Evaluation by grafting technique of changes in the contribution of root-to-shoot development and biomass production in soybean (Glycine max) cultivars released from 1929 to 2006 in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoning Cao ◽  
Tingting Wu ◽  
Shi Sun ◽  
Cunxiang Wu ◽  
Caijie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Grafting Technique ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Roots

Root traits are essential for optimising nutrient and water absorption and anchorage. However, changes in root traits and the contribution of root-to-shoot growth and development of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) across a century of breeding are poorly documented. In this study, we adopted a grafting technique, using 55 cultivars released in the three main soybean-production regions in China as rootstocks in a pot experiment and 24 cultivars from the Yellow-Huai-Hai Valley (YHH) region as rootstocks in a field experiment, with cv. Zigongdongdou as the common scion. Changes in soybean roots, including dry weight (DW) of roots, lateral root number (LRN) and taproot length (TRL), and their contribution to shoot development and biomass formation, including shoot DW, plant height and node number, were evaluated under optimal conditions in 2011. Aboveground traits declined with year of release in the YHH region and did not vary over time in the northern Heilongjiang province and mid-south Heilongjiang region except for shoot DW. The root traits root DW, LRN and TRL were similar over years of release in the pot and field experiments. The results suggest that the newer cultivars have lesser shoot growth and root capacity but the same amount of root growth as older cultivars. Root traits did not change during selection, suggesting that improvement in soybean root traits should be an aim in future breeding.

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