Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Chlorimuron in Soybean (Glycine max) and Morningglory (Ipomoeaspp.)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll Moseley ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios ◽  
Edward S. Hagood
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Resistant Cultivar ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Herbicide Metabolism ◽  
Species Translocation

The uptake, translocation, and metabolism of the ethyl ester of chlorimuron in three soybean cultivars and two morningglory species was investigated. Soybean used included the normal cultivars ‘Vance’ and ‘Essex,’ and the sulfonylurea-resistant cultivar ‘W-20.’ Entireleaf morningglory and pitted morningglory, both moderately tolerant to chlorimuron, were used. Twenty-day-old seedlings of all plant species were exposed to root-applied14C-labeled chlorimuron for 6, 24, and 72 h. After 24 and 72 h, chlorimuron uptake was lowest in W-20 soybean and the two morningglory species. Translocation of root-absorbed chlorimuron to shoots and leaves of all species was limited and it did not differ among species. The moderate tolerance of pitted and entireleaf morningglories to chlorimuron may be due to reduced herbicide uptake. The response of Essex and Vance soybean to chlorimuron was related to herbicide metabolism. At 6 h after treatment with radiolabeled chlorimuron, Essex soybean metabolized the herbicide more rapidly than either W-20 or Vance soybean. At 24 h and 72 h, Essex and Vance soybean metabolized chlorimuron to the same extent. W-20 was not very efficient in metabolizing chlorimuron at any time after treatment and its resistance to chlorimuron is due to an altered target site.

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Halosulfuron in Cucumber, Summer Squash, and Selected Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry. E. Besançon ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
Wesley J. Everman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Herbicide Metabolism ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Metabolism Study

Greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied [14C]halosulfuron-methyl in cucumber, summer squash, pitted morningglory, and velvetleaf. Cucumber and summer squash were treated at the 4-leaf stage, whereas velvetleaf and pitted morningglory were treated at 10 cm. All plants were collected at 4, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT) for absorption and translocation studies and an additional 96-HAT interval was included in the metabolism study. Absorption did not exceed 45% in summer squash, whereas it plateaued around 60% in velvetleaf and cucumber and reached 80% in pitted morningglory 72 HAT. None of the four species translocated more than 23% of absorbed halosulfuron out of the treated leaf. Translocation in cucumber and summer squash was predominantly basipetal, while acropetal movement prevailed in velvetleaf. No significant direction of movement was observed for pitted morningglory. Negligible translocation occurred toward the roots, regardless of plant species. Of the total amount of [14C]halosulfuron-methyl absorbed into the plants at 96 HAT, more than 80% remained in the form of the parent compound in velvetleaf, summer squash, and pitted morningglory, whereas less than 20% was detected in cucumber. Rapid and high herbicide metabolism may explain cucumber tolerance to halosulfuron-methyl, while lack of metabolism contributes to summer squash and velvetleaf susceptibility. Pitted morningglory tolerance may be due to limited translocation associated with some level of metabolism, but further research would be needed to investigate other potential causes.

scholarly journals Potencial de Bactérias para Biocontrole do Mofo Branco e Produção de Compostos Relacionados ao Sistema de Defesa em Plantas de Soja

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-336
Author(s):  
Denise Pauletto Spanhol ◽  
José Rogerio De Oliveira ◽  
Bianca Obes Corrêa ◽  
Ismail Teodoro de Souza Junior ◽  
Marcelo Vedovatto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Detached Leaves

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de bactérias, na promoção de crescimento, produção de compostos de defesa e no biocontrole do mofo branco em folhas destacadas de duas cultivares de soja. Os ensaios foram realizados com as bactérias antagonistas FIT09 (Bacillus cereus) e FIT62 (B. thuringensis), do fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum e com as cultivares de soja M6210 IPRO e Brasmax Garra IPRO. Nos ensaios in vivo foram avaliados a capacidade das bactérias na promoção do crescimento de plantas de soja e na constituição dos compostos secundários produzidos pelas plantas oriundas de sementes microbiolizadas com suspensões bacterianas. Além disso, os ensaios de biocontrole do mofo branco, foram realizados com folhas destacadas em estádio V3, as quais foram pulverizadas com as suspensões das bactérias FIT09 e FIT62. As bactérias FIT09 e FIT62 apresentaram compatibilidade com B. japonicum e no ensaio de biocontrole com folhas destacadas, verificou-se que a FIT 09 reduziu o diâmetro das lesões necróticas causadas por S. sclerotiorum em ambas cultivares de soja avaliadas em teste de folhas destacadas. No ensaio de promoção de crescimento, as bactérias aumentaram o poder germinativo na cultivar M6210 IPRO. Para a avaliação da análise fitoquímica, as bactérias auxiliaram positivamente na produção dos compostos relacionados ao sistema de defesa. Palavras-chave: Metabólitos Secundários. Fitoquímica. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Bacillus, Glycine max   Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of bacteria, in the promotion of growth, production of compounds of defens, and in the biocontrol of white mold in detached leaves of two soybean cultivars. The tests were performed with the antagonist bacteria FIT09 (Bacillus cereus) and FIT62 (B. thuringensis), with the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and with the soybean cultivars M6210 IPRO and Brasmax Garra IPRO. In vivo tests evaluated the capacity of bacteria to promote the growth of soybean plants and the constitution of secondary compounds produced by plants from microbiolized seeds with bacterial suspensions. In addition,  white mold biocontrol bioassays were carried out with detached leaves in stage V3 and they were sprayed with suspensions of the bacteria FIT09 and FIT62.The bacteria FIT09 and FIT62 were compatible with B. japonicum and in the biocontrol assay with detached leaves, it was found that FIT09 promoted superior control of 70% against the disease in both cultivars, however the disease did not manifest in the assay in plants. In the growth promotion test, the bacteria increased the germinative power in cultivar M6210 IPRO, for the assessment of fresh and dry mass there were no differences and for phytochemical analysis, the bacteria positively helped in the production of compounds related to the defense system.   Keywords: Secondary Metabolites. Phytochemistry, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Bacillus, Glycine max

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Foliar-Applied Chlorimuron in Soybeans (Glycine max), Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), and Selected Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
Glenn R. Wehtje ◽  
Michael G. Patterson ◽  
Tracy A. Cole ◽  
T. Vint Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Extensive Metabolism ◽  
Species Tolerance ◽  
Prickly Sida

Tolerance of species to foliar applications of the ethyl ester of chlorimuron as determined in greenhouse studies with 21-day-old seedlings was: soybean = peanut > prickly sida > sicklepod > Florida beggarweed > common cocklebur. Absorption of foliar-applied14C-chlorimuron 72 h after application was similar in soybean, peanut, sicklepod, common cocklebur, and prickly sida, but much less in Florida beggarweed. Slight symplasmic and apoplasmic translocation of the herbicide was evident in all species. Metabolism of chlorimuron 72 h after application was greatest in soybean and least in common cocklebur. Species tolerance to chlorimuron was directly correlated (r2= 0.93) to the amount of unmetabolized chlorimuron (dpm/g dry wt) in the plant. Peanut exhibited increased tolerance to chlorimuron with age; this result was attributed to reduced absorption and translocation and more extensive metabolism of the absorbed herbicide by older plants.

Chemical Approaches for Improving Herbicide Selectivity and Crop Tolerance

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Stephenson ◽  
G. Ezra
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Important Crop ◽  
Herbicide Metabolism ◽  
Equal Efficacy

Combinations of antagonistic herbicides can be helpful in the search for seed-applied chemical safeners to protect crop plants from herbicide injury. If a particular herbicide combination is selectively antagonistic so that the crop is not injured but weed control efficacy is not reduced, it should be possible to develop a new, more selective formulation of the herbicide which includes the antagonist or antidote. A promising new approach involves the use of early pretreatments of crop plants with subtoxic levels of a particular herbicide to increase crop tolerance to later, higher rates of that herbicide. When there are different mechanisms for herbicide detoxification in different plant species, it should also be possible to develop selective herbicide synergists that would provide equal efficacy at lower rates with greater crop tolerance. As our knowledge of herbicide metabolism and mode of action develops, it will be increasingly possible to use other chemicals to selectively synergize or safen herbicides to solve problems in important crop-weed situations.

Root Absorption and Translocation of Picloram by Oats and Soybeans

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Isensee ◽  
G. E. Jones ◽  
B. C. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Initial Uptake

The effects of time, concentration, pH, temperature, and metabolic inhibitors on 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) uptake from nutrient solution by oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Markton’) and soybeans (Glycine maxL. ‘Lee’) were studied. Oats and soybeans had similar absorption patterns of rapid initial uptake. However, total accumulation patterns markedly differed in that accumulation was concentration-dependent for oats but not for soybeans. Initial uptake by oats and soybean roots increased as solution concentration increased. Picloram was redistributed in oats and soybeans and some egress from roots to solution occurred. Picloram uptake by both plant species was markedly diminished with an increase in pH from 3.5 to 4.5, but pH had little effect from 4.5 to 9.5. Less picloram was taken up by oats and soybean roots from solution maintained at 4 C than at 26 C. Translocation to tops followed a similar trend. Increasing concentrations of three metabolic inhibitors, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), sodium azide, and sodium arsenite, reduced root uptake of picloram in both species. All inhibitors (except DNP for oats) at 10−6to 10−5molar concentrations stimulated translocation of picloram to oats and soybean tops while higher concentrations depressed translocation.

Response of Soybean (Glycine max) Cultivars to Metribuzin in the Field and Greenhouse

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. De Weese ◽  
L. M. Wax ◽  
W. C. Carlson ◽  
J. A. Ciarletta
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Field Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Screening Procedure ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Greenhouse Screening ◽  
Significant Injury ◽  
Good Agreement

Experimental objectives were to assess metribuzin tolerance of predominately privately developed soybean cultivars and to evaluate a greenhouse screening procedure. In field results in 1982, ‘Vinton 81’, ‘Northrup King 1884’ and ‘L77-1863’ soybean cultivars were extremely sensitive to metribuzin at 0.56 kg/ha, averaging 34% injury. The other 45 cultivars showed no significant injury at the 0.56 kg/ha rate, from 9 to 46% injury at 1.4 kg/ha, and 18 to 72% injury at 2.2 kg/ha. In greenhouse hydroponic studies, these same three soybean cultivars were killed, while the other 45 cultivars were injured from 15 to 82%. A good agreement of greenhouse and field data was determined, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.82.

Uptake and Translocation of Nitrofen and Oxyfluorfen

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omosuyi Fadayomi ◽  
G.F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Exposure ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Species Translocation ◽  
Test Plants ◽  
Pot Technique

The site of uptake of nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) and oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] was studied using a double pot technique. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘RS610′] and pea (Pisum sativumL. ‘Alaska’) were the test plants. Herbicidal activity measured by the reduction in fresh weight of the roots and shoots of treated plants showed that exposure of the shoot zone to the herbicides caused much more injury to the plants than root exposure. Translocation of both compounds from root applications to tops of pea and sorghum was studied using14C-labeled herbicides. There was very little movement of the compounds from the roots of both species. Translocation of the compounds from foliage application was studied using greenbean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Spartan Arrow’) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr ‘Wayne’]. Almost all of the applied14C-herbicides remained at the point of application.

Metribuzin and Chlorimuron Mixtures for Preemergence Broadleaf Weed Control in Soybeans,Glycine max

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome M. Green ◽  
Timothy T. Obrigawitch ◽  
James D. Long ◽  
James M. Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Additive Action ◽  
Hemp Sesbania ◽  
Prickly Sida

Metribuzin and the ethyl ester of chlorimuron were evaluated alone and in combination for preemergence broadleaf weed control in soybeans. Neither herbicide alone controlled all broadleaf weeds tested, but combinations showed both complementary and additive action. Two field studies quantified these interactions on broadleaf weeds and showed that low rates of either herbicide alone controlled Pennsylvania smartweed and redroot pigweed. Metribuzin was more effective than chlorimuron in controlling prickly sida and hemp sesbania, while chlorimuron was more effective on common cocklebur, sicklepod, and ivyleaf and pitted morningglories. Additive action was most important on velvetleaf, sicklepod, annual morningglories, and hemp sesbania. Because the components were both additive and complementary, a range of mixture rates and ratios were more effective for weed control than either herbicide alone.

DETERMINING SOYBEAN YIELD IN HILL PLOTS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-417
Author(s):  
R. I. BUZZELL ◽  
B. R. BUTTERY
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Hill Plots

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars were tested for yield at various populations in hillplots that had plants compactly clumped and in comparative hill and row plots. Results indicated that thinning to a uniform stand should be worthwhile in cases where population varies and that selection in hills for material to be grown in rows could be from 43 to 95% as effective as direct selection in row plots.Key words: Glycine max, soybean cultivars, plant density, yield, hill plots, selection

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