Effects of Day and Night Temperature on Goatsrue (Galega officinalis) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Growth

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Galega Officinalis ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Noxious Weed

Goatsrue, a perennial legume, is an exotic noxious weed currently found in the United States only in Cache County, Utah. It infests irrigated pastures, alfalfa fields, and noncropland areas. In order to compare their responses to temperature, goatsrue and alfalfa were grown in artificially illuminated controlled-environment chambers in 16 day/night temperature regimes ranging from 15/4 to 36/25 C. Growth analysis was used to evaluate effects of temperature on dry matter accumulation, leaf area production, and biomass allocation. Both species grew best at day/night temperatures of 22/25, 29/ 18, and 29/25 C. Leaf appearance rates were linearly related to mean daily temperature. Goatsrue produced fewer but larger leaves and a greater total leaf area than alfalfa. Biomass partitioning to leaves was greater in goatsrue, whereas partitioning to stems was greater in alfalfa. Response of vegetative dry matter production to temperature closely paralleled response of leaf area duration in both species. Alfalfa generally had a higher net assimilation rate, but the greater leaf area duration of goatsrue resulted in greater dry matter accumulation in this species after 50 d of growth. Overall responses to temperature were similar in the two species. Thus it seems likely that goatsrue could become a much more widely distributed weed in alfalfa.

Effects of Temperature and Photoperiod on Common Crupina (Crupina vulgaris)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson ◽  
David A. Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The United States ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Achene Production

Achene germination of common crupina (Crupina vulgarisCass. ♯ CJNVU) was 86% or greater at day/night temperatures ranging from 15/4 to 29/25 C. Germination was greatly reduced at a day temperature of 36 C, regardless of the night temperature. The time required for maximum germination (9 to 19 days) increased with decreasing night temperature. Maximum leaf area, rosette diameter, and dry-matter accumulation during vegetative growth occurred at 22/18 to 29/25 C, 22/18 C, and 22/18 C, respectively. The plants attained 50% or more of maximum dry-matter accumulation at day/night temperatures ranging from as low as 22/4 and 15/11 C to as high as 36/25 C. Net assimilation rate was relatively insensitive to growth temperature. Rosettes of common crupina grown at 22/11 or 29/18 C exhibited almost complete photosynthetic and respiratory temperature acclimation. Increasing the photoperiod from 10 to 12, 14, or 16 h accelerated flowering. Maximum achene production occurred in the 16-h photoperiod, but viable achenes were produced in all photoperiods. Temperature during vegetative growth influenced subsequent responses to photoperiod. Plants grown for 83 days in a 14-h photoperiod at 15/4 or 22/11 C and transferred to 26/20 C flowered and produced seed in photoperiods of 8 or 16 h. Plants grown at 29/18 or 36/25 C subsequently flowered only in the 16-h photoperiod at 26/20 C. Common crupina has a wide tolerance of variations in temperature and photoperiod. Its range in the United States can be expected to continue to increase.

Effects of Shading and Temperature on Showy Crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Crotalaria Spectabilis

Showy crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilisRoth) was grown in a controlled-environment greenhouse with a day/night temperature of 32/26C at full sunlight and under 40, 60, or 90% shade. Shading significantly reduced height, dry-matter accumulation, leaf production, leaf-area expansion, axillary-branch development, reproductive development, and the partitioning of plant biomass into stems. Shading increased the partitioning of plant biomass into leaves and the leaf area ratio. Constant shading or shading from 0 through 25 days after planting reduced the leaf area duration (LAD) proportionally more than the net assimilation rate (NAR). Shading from 25 to 67 days after planting reduced NAR and LAD equally. In other experiments reducing the day/night temperature below 32/26C significantly reduced plant height, leaf area, and the rate of leaf production. Dry-matter production decreased significantly at temperatures below 29/23C, because of substantial reduction in LAD. Showy crotalaria flowered and produced seed at temperatures ranging from 23/17C to 32/26C. The results indicate that the geographical distribution of showy crotalaria in the United States probably will continue to increase.

Effects of Day and Night Temperature on Vegetative Growth of Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
C Partitioning

Texas panicum was grown in controlled-environment chambers in 16 day/night temperature regimes ranging from 19/11 to 34/26 C. After 33 days, maximum plant height, leaf area, and dry weight occurred at 34/26 C. The greatest number of tillers and leaves occurred at 34/16 C. Partitioning of plant biomass into stems increased with increasing night temperature, while partitioning into leaves tended to decrease. Partitioning of biomass into roots decreased with increasing night temperature at day temperatures of 19 or 24 C but not at 34 C. Plant dry matter production (DMP) was highly correlated with both leaf area duration (LAD) and net assimilation rate (NAR) during the first 2 weeks of growth. During the subsequent 3 weeks, DMP was highly correlated with LAD but not with NAR. The low-temperature threshold for growth of Texas panicum was approximately 11 C. Texas panicum attained 25% of its maximum growth at an average daily temperature of 21 C, 50% at 24 C, and 75% at 26 C. Texas panicum is unlikely to become a highly competitive weed outside the southern and southwestern United States.

Temperature Effects on Vegetative Growth of Round-Leaved Mallow (Malva pusilla)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Robert E. Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
C Partitioning

Vegetative growth response of round-leaved mallow to various day/night temperature regimes was studied under controlled-environment conditions to predict its potential geographic distribution and to develop an effective control program. Round-leaved mallow dry matter production was greatest with day temperatures of 18 to 26 C. Dry matter accumulation was reduced by a night temperature of 6 C but was minimally affected by night temperatures ranging from 12 to 24 C. Regression analysis predicted minimal vegetative growth at mean daily temperatures below 8 C and above 30 C, with optimum growth at 20 C. Partitioning of round-leaved mallow biomass in leaves, stems, and roots was affected by temperature. Maximum leaf weight ratio occurred at low temperatures, 10 C day and 6 C night. Stem weight ratio was greatest at a day temperature of 26 C, with night temperature having little effect. Maximum root biomass occurred with a day temperature of 18 C. Results are discussed in terms of environmental conditions that allow round-leaved mallow to be an effective competitor with crops and potential approaches for its control.

scholarly journals Soybean Physiology and Yield Response to Seed Rate and Sowing Method

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
S. Madhana Keerthana ◽  
R. Shiv Ramakrishnan ◽  
Nidhi Pathak ◽  
Dibakar Ghosh ◽  
G. K. Koutu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Productive Environment

The soybean crop is highly sensitive to climate change associated events viz., global warming, drought, and water-logging at the time of highly sensitive flowering and grain filling stage, causing a shortfall in production and supply of quality seed to the country. Under prevailing high-density planting, at the seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 and flatbed sowing method, plant growth is restricted due to limitation of radiation and nutrients. Hence, the seed rate and sowing method need revision in an era of climate change. Therefore, we hypothesized that adopting a lower seed rate under ridges and furrow sowing would improve seed yield and quality over the prevailing seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 and flatbed sowing method. In order to test our hypothesis, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of various seed rates and sowing methods on growth and productivity of soybean. Studies revealed that a seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 shows superiority in terms of seed yield (3873.70 kg ha-1) which was at par with 60 kg ha-1 (3359.40 kg ha-1). Lower seed rate of 60 kg ha-1 was superior in terms of seed yield per plant (8.99 g plant-1), biological yield (6310 kg ha-1), Harvest index (35.69%), dry matter accumulation in pods at 61 DAS (1.74 g). Ridges and furrow sowing method was found superior for biological yield (26.33 g plant-1) and (6958.90 kg ha-1), dry matter accumulation in pods at 61 DAS (1.84 g), Leaf Area Duration at 71 DAS (19535.00 cm2.days). Interaction studies revealed that 60 kg ha-1 seed rate with ridge and furrow stand superior in terms of seed yield per plant 10.65 g plant-1 which was attributed to maximum harvest index (29.58%), dry matter accumulation in pod at 61 DAS (2.13 g), Leaf Area Duration at 71-81 DAS (22069.00 cm2.days). In contrary, highest seed yield(4018.89 kg ha-1) was observed for seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 with flat bed sowing. Hence it can be concluded that, under low productive environment the efficient dry matter accumulation, leaf area development and number of branches under low density planting will not compensate for the higher plant stand induced yield increment due to high density planting. Therefore, higher seed rate of 70 kg/ha with ridge and furrow sowing will be recommended to the farmers to get higher yield of soybean under rainfed and low productive environment.

scholarly journals Application of insect-proof nets in pesticide-free rice creates an altered microclimate and differential agronomic performance

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoying Yang ◽  
Zhi Guo ◽  
Hongting Ji ◽  
Jing Sheng ◽  
Liugen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Proof Nets ◽  
Air Speed

BackgroundInsect-proof nets are commonly used in crop production and scientific research because of their environmental, economic, and agronomic benefits. However, insect-proof nets can unintentionally alter the microclimate inside the screenhouse and therefore greatly affect plant growth and yield. To examine the microclimate and agronomic performance of pesticide-free rice under insect-proof nets, two-year field experiments were carried out in 2011 and 2012.MethodsIn the present study, the experiment was conducted by using a split-plot design considering the cultivation environment (open field cultivation (OFC) and insect-proof nets cultivation (IPNC)) as the main plot and the varieties as the subplot (Suxiangjing3 and Nanjing44).ResultsIPNC significantly reduced the air speed and solar radiation, and slightly increased the daytime soil temperature, daytime air temperature, and nighttime relative humidity. By contrast, the nighttime soil temperature, nighttime air temperature, and daytime relative humidity were relatively unaffected. The grain yield of both rice cultivars decreased significantly under IPNC, which was largely attributed to the reduced panicle number. The reduced panicle number was largely associated with the decreased maximum tiller number, which was positively correlated with the tillering rate, time of tillering onset, and tillering cessation for both rice cultivars under IPNC. In addition, dry matter accumulation significantly decreased for both rice cultivars under IPNC, which was mainly caused by the decreased leaf area duration resulting from the reduced leaf area index. By contrast, the mean net assimilation rate was relatively unaffected by IPNC.DiscussionInsect-proof nets altered the microclimate in comparison with OFC by reducing the air speed and changing the radiation regime, which significantly affected dry matter production and yield of both japonica rice cultivars. Our results indicated that cultivation measures that could increase the tillering rate and the maximum tiller number under IPNC would lead to a significant increase in panicle number, ultimately increasing grain yield. In addition, maintaining a high leaf area duration by increasing the leaf area index would be important to compensate for the dry matter accumulation losses under IPNC. These findings are critical to provide a theoretical basis for improving agronomic performance of pesticide-free rice under IPNC.

Effect of Limited Water Supply on Crop Growth of Spring Maize (Zea Mays)

2013 ◽  
Vol 409-410 ◽  
pp. 314-317
Author(s):  
Heng Jia Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Spring Maize ◽  
Net Assimilation

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of limited water supply on plant height, leaf area, dry matter and net assimilation rate (NAR) of spring maize. The results indicated that limited water supply had little effect on plant height of maize at six-leaf, twelve-leaf, heading and early grain filling except the end of filling. Leaf growth and leaf area expansion were effectively increased at middle and late maize growth stages under limited water supply and the maximum leaf area was maintained at early grain filling to middle filling. In addition, dry matter accumulation of maize in reproductive organs may be promoted by limited water supply. Finally, limited water supply also had great effect on net assimilation rate of maize and the maximum was maintained at six-leaf to twelve-leaf, followed by heading to silking.

Physiological studies of competition in Zea mays L: I. Vegetative growth and ear development in maize

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYPreliminary field studies were carried out to obtain an understanding of the progress of dry-matter accumulation in maize and its end-point at harvest. Dry-matter accumulation and its partition between morphological parts was affected, at various stages of growth, by competition. For maximum total yield per unit area of land, early and rapid development of leaf area was needed to exploit the relatively high net assimilation rate early in the season. This leaf area should persist as long as possibleto maximize leaf area duration. A high total plant yield, and high yield of the important ear component, by the individual plant, was obtained at a plant population of about 40000 per acre. The photosynthetic area of the ear made no significant contribution to cob weight.

Temperature Responses and Potential Distribution of Itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltata) in the United States

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson ◽  
Charles R. Meyer ◽  
Elizabeth P. Flint ◽  
P. C. Quimby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Matter Production

To estimate the potential growth and distribution of itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltata L. f.) in the United States, we grew the plant in 36 combinations of day and night temperatures in controlled-environment greenhouses. Day temperatures ranged from 17 to 32 C and night temperatures from 11 to 26 C. Total dry weights, leaf areas, heights, and numbers of tillers were determined at 3, 31, and 58 days after emergence. Mathematical growth analysis techniques were used to calculate net assimilation rates (NAR) and leaf area durations (LAD). Maximum dry matter production (the product of NAR and LAD) and maximum leaf area production occurred at 32/26 C. Dry matter production and leaf area production were greatly reduced by day temperatures below 29 C and night temperatures below 23 C. The retardation of dry matter production by low night temperature was due mainly to reductions in LAD rather than to reductions in NAR. Low day temperatures reduced dry matter production through combined effects on LAD and NAR. At the warmer day temperatures, tiller production increased with decreasing night temperature. Flowering occurred at all day temperatures and at all night temperatures of 14 C or greater. Based on its growth responses to temperature, itchgrass would reach 75 to 100% of its maximum potential growth in the Gulf Coast states, the lower Midwest, the South Atlantic states, and the Southwest. Therefore, it represents a serious potential weed problem in these regions.

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