scholarly journals Soybean Physiology and Yield Response to Seed Rate and Sowing Method

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
S. Madhana Keerthana ◽  
R. Shiv Ramakrishnan ◽  
Nidhi Pathak ◽  
Dibakar Ghosh ◽  
G. K. Koutu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Productive Environment

The soybean crop is highly sensitive to climate change associated events viz., global warming, drought, and water-logging at the time of highly sensitive flowering and grain filling stage, causing a shortfall in production and supply of quality seed to the country. Under prevailing high-density planting, at the seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 and flatbed sowing method, plant growth is restricted due to limitation of radiation and nutrients. Hence, the seed rate and sowing method need revision in an era of climate change. Therefore, we hypothesized that adopting a lower seed rate under ridges and furrow sowing would improve seed yield and quality over the prevailing seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 and flatbed sowing method. In order to test our hypothesis, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of various seed rates and sowing methods on growth and productivity of soybean. Studies revealed that a seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 shows superiority in terms of seed yield (3873.70 kg ha-1) which was at par with 60 kg ha-1 (3359.40 kg ha-1). Lower seed rate of 60 kg ha-1 was superior in terms of seed yield per plant (8.99 g plant-1), biological yield (6310 kg ha-1), Harvest index (35.69%), dry matter accumulation in pods at 61 DAS (1.74 g). Ridges and furrow sowing method was found superior for biological yield (26.33 g plant-1) and (6958.90 kg ha-1), dry matter accumulation in pods at 61 DAS (1.84 g), Leaf Area Duration at 71 DAS (19535.00 cm2.days). Interaction studies revealed that 60 kg ha-1 seed rate with ridge and furrow stand superior in terms of seed yield per plant 10.65 g plant-1 which was attributed to maximum harvest index (29.58%), dry matter accumulation in pod at 61 DAS (2.13 g), Leaf Area Duration at 71-81 DAS (22069.00 cm2.days). In contrary, highest seed yield(4018.89 kg ha-1) was observed for seed rate of 70 kg ha-1 with flat bed sowing. Hence it can be concluded that, under low productive environment the efficient dry matter accumulation, leaf area development and number of branches under low density planting will not compensate for the higher plant stand induced yield increment due to high density planting. Therefore, higher seed rate of 70 kg/ha with ridge and furrow sowing will be recommended to the farmers to get higher yield of soybean under rainfed and low productive environment.

Influence of primed seed and varying seed rate on growth and productivity of soybean (Glycine max L.) under different planting techniques

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupinder Kaur Jassal ◽  
Harmeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Seed Rate

An experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2015 and 2016 to study the effect of priming, different seed rate on growth and seed yield of soybean planted under bed and flat method. The study was planned in factorial split plot design, keeping two planting techniques (flat sowing and bed sowing) and two seed priming treatments ( non primed seeds and 100 ppm GA3 primed seeds) in main plot and three seed levels ( 50, 62.5 and 75 kg ha-1) in sub plot. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of seed priming on growth and productivity under different planting techniques with the use of varying seed rates. The results revealed that growth attributes viz. emergence count, plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and photosynthetic active radiation interception (%) was significantly higher under bed planting technique as compared to flat sowing method. The pooled seed yield was increased by 15.6 % in bed planted soybean crop as compared to flat planted crop. Soybean seeds primed with 100 ppm GA3 recorded significant results in all the growth parameters. Primed seed recorded increase in yield 15.3 % than non primed seeds. Seed rate of 62.5 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher emergence count, plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and photosynthetic active radiation interception (%) which was statistically similar in results with 75 kg ha-1 seed rate in both the two years. Pooled seed yield of 62.5 kg ha-1seed rate was 4.61 % higher than 75 kg ha-1 and 12.6 % than 50 kg ha-1 seed rate.

Physiology of bunch groundnuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.)

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Choudhari ◽  
M. Udaykumar ◽  
K. S. K. Sastry
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
The Mean

SummaryTwenty-nine bunch groundnut genotypes were grown in the Kharifseason 1980 and the summer season 1981 at Bangalore. Growth and yield analysis showed that the total dry-matter accumulation was low up to 30 days after sowing and increased linearly up to the 86th day in the Kharifand up to harvest in the summer season. There were significant differences between genotypes in leaf area indices (LAI), the leaf area duration (LAD) and LAD between pod initiation and harvest (LADP) in both the seasons. The mean LAI of genotypes did not vary much between the Kharifand the summer seasons up to the 66th day. However, during the later stages of growth the LAD was higher in the summer. The higher biological yield and productivity in the summer was attributed to the high LAD and LADP during the later stages of crop growth. LAD and total dry-matter accumulation at harvest were significantly correlated both in the Kharif(r = 0–75) and the summer (r= 0–81). The mean total number of flowers over all 29 genotypes did not vary, but total number of pegs formed per plant differed significantly between genotypes in both the Kharifand summer seasons. The percentage of flowers which produced pegs was 72–2 in summer as against 51–2 in Kharif. The primary branches contributed 86'7 and 90–1 %to the total number of pods per plant in the Kharifand summer seasons respectively. The contribution of the first four nodes of primary branches was 85 %in both seasons. The number of fruiting points (nodes having mature pods) per plant, found to be the most important yield-determining component, showed significant variation amongst the genotypes in both the Kharifand summer seasons. In summer, length of mature-pod-bearing zone (MPBZ), number of nodes in MPBZ and number of kernels per plant were higher than in the Kharifseason. It is suggested that selection and breeding should concentrate on improving LAD and LADP, total dry matter per plant, more primary branches per plant, more pods in the distal nodes of primary branches and more fruiting points (nodes in MPBZ) per plant.

scholarly journals Paclobutrazol Improves Sesame Yield by Increasing Dry Matter Accumulation and Reducing Seed Shattering Under Rainfed Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zeeshan Mehmood ◽  
Ghulam Qadir ◽  
Obaid Afzal ◽  
Atta Mohi Ud Din ◽  
Muhammad Ali Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Seed Shattering ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Leaf Greenness

AbstractSeveral biotic and abiotic stresses significantly decrease the biomass accumulation and seed yield of sesame crops under rainfed areas. However, plant growth regulators (such as Paclobutrazol) can improve the total dry matter and seed production of the sesame crop. The effects of the paclobutrazol application on dry matter accumulation and seed yield had not been studied before in sesame under rainfed conditions. Therefore, a two-year field study during 2018 and 2019 was conducted with key objectives to assess the impacts of paclobutrazol on leaf greenness, leaf area, total dry matter production and partitioning, seed shattering, and seed yield of sesame. Two sesame cultivars (TS-5 and TS-3) were treated with four paclobutrazol concentrations (P0 = Control, P1 = 100 mg L−1, P2 = 200 mg L−1, P3 = 300 mg L−1). The experiment was executed in RCBD-factorial design with three replications. Compared with P0, treatment P3 improved the leaf greenness of sesame by 17%, 38%, and 60% at 45, 85, and 125 days after sowing, respectively. However, P3 treatment decreased the leaf area of sesame by 14% and 20% at 45 and 85 days after sowing than P0, respectively. Compared with P0, treatment P3 increased the leaf area by 46% at 125 days after sowing. On average, treatment P3 also improved the total biomass production by 21% and partitioning in roots, stems, leaves, capsules, and seeds by 23%, 19%, 23%, 22%, and 40%, respectively, in the whole growing seasons as compared to P0. Moreover, under P3 treatment, sesame attained the highest seed yield and lowest seed shattering by 27% and 30%, respectively, compared to P0. This study indicated that by applying the paclobutrazol concentration at the rate of 300 mg L−1 in sesame, the leaf greenness, leaf areas, biomass accumulation, partitioning, seed yield, and shatter resistance could be improved. Thus, the optimum paclobutrazol level could enhance the dry matter accumulation and seed production capacity of sesame by decreasing shattering losses under rainfed conditions.

scholarly journals Growth, yield and nutrient content of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in response to INM in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yubaraj Dhakal ◽  
RS Meena ◽  
Nirmal De ◽  
SK Verma ◽  
Ajeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Significant improvement in LAI, number of trifoliate, SPAD value of green leaf chlorophyll, dry matter accumulation, yield, harvest index (%) and nutrient content of mungbean were recorded due to application of 75% RDF + 2.5 t/ha vermicompost (VC) + Rhizobium (Rh)+ phosphorus solublizing bacteria (PSB), followed by 100% RDF + 2.5 t/ha VC and 100% RDF + Rh + PSB. The highest seed yield of mungbean was obtained with the application of 75% RDF + 2.5 t/ha VC + Rh + PSB (12.34 q /ha) followed by 100% RDF + 2.5 t/ha VC (12.05 q /ha) and 100% RDF + Rh+ PSB (11.95 q /ha).

Elevated CO2 during pod filling increased seed yield but not harvest index in indeterminate narrow-leafed lupin

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Palta ◽  
C. Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Enriched Co2

Indeterminate narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Merrit) was exposed to enriched atmospheric CO2 during pod-filling to enhance the availability of carbon resources for pod-filling in order to determine whether or not seed-filling, yield, and harvest index are limited by the availability of photosynthetic assimilate. Plants were grown in a glasshouse and the flowers painted with an aqueous solution containing either N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or no BAP to generate 2 different numbers of pods per plant. From the time when pods began to fill seeds (≥5 mg/seed) until maturity, plants were exposed to either ambient (350–360 L/L) or enriched (700 L/L) CO2 by enclosing them in 2 transparent, box-shaped tunnels with similar temperatures, light, and water conditions. Whether or not BAP was applied to flowers, CO2 enrichment increased the final number of pods and the number of pods that filled large seeds (≥150 mg) by 20–22 pods/plant. Enriched CO2 reduced to zero the number of pods that had small seeds (≥30–80 mg) and reduced the number of pods with unfilled seeds from 16 to 1 pod/plant. This increased seed yield per plant by 44–66%, but did not affect the harvest index. Harvest index was unchanged because enriched CO2, while increasing pod-filling, also increased pod set and dry matter accumulation on the developing branches. This indicates that an increased availability of carbon resources during-pod filling changed the allocation of assimilates by filling small seeds and producing new branches. The 47–56% increase in dry matter per plant was reflected in the increase in seed yield, which occurred largely through an increased number of pods and seeds per plant. These data support the idea that seed-filling and hence seed yield in well-nodulated, indeterminate narrow-leafed lupin is limited by carbon resources at the stage when the plant is most source-limited, which is during podset and pod-filling.

Photosynthetic attributes and seed yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as influenced by different levels and ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Thavaprakash ◽  
G. Senthilkumar ◽  
S. D. Sivakumar ◽  
M. Raju
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Green Leaves ◽  
Photosynthetic Attributes

A field experiment was conducted at the Main Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India, on medium black soils during the kharif (wet) season of 1999. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with varying N/P ratios (0.67 to 2.00) along with a control with a constant level of potassium (60 kg ha-1). The results revealed that the number of green leaves plant-1, the dry matter accumulation in the leaves, leaf area (dm2 plant-1) and leaf area index (LAI) increased up to the flowering stage (65 DAS) and thereafter declined. In the early stages (seedling and button stages) there was no significant variation with respect to the number of green leaves plant-1 among the treatments except in the control. Similarly, leaf area and LAI did not vary at the seedling stage. Treatments receiving N/P ratios of ?1.0 or 1.0 with higher doses of nitrogen (120 kg N ha-1) gave a significantly higher number of green leaves plant-1, leaf area and LAI as compared to N/P ratios of <1.0 and the control in later stages. The dry matter accumulation in the leaves (g plant-1) differed in all the stages, but higher values were recorded in these same treatments. Thus, due to the higher number of green leaves, higher LAI and greater dry matter accumulation in the leaves, the treatments with an N/P ratio of ?1.0 or 1.0 with 120 kg N ha-1 produced higher seed yields (3188 to 3554 kg ha-1) than other N/P ratios (2761 to 3009 kg ha-1). The highest yield (3554 kg ha-1) was recorded with an N/P ratio of 1.0 in the treatment receiving 120 kg N and 120 kg P2O5 ha-1. The correlation coefficients between these photosynthetic attributes and seed yield were also positive and significant.

scholarly journals Effect of the duration of the vegetative phase on crop growth, development and yield in two contrasting pearl millet hybrids

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Q. Craufurd ◽  
F. R. Bidinger
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Vegetative Phase

SummaryThe phenotype of medium duration pearl millet varieties grown in West Africa differs from that of the shorter duration millets grown in India. African varieties are usually much taller, have longer panicles, fewer productive tillers, and a lower ratio of grain to above-ground dry-matter (harvest index). The effect of crop duration on plant phenotype was investigated in two hybrids using extended daylengths to increase the duration of the vegetative phase (GSl: sowing to panicle initiation). The two hybrids, 841A × J104 and 81A × Souna B, were considered to represent the Indian and African phenotype, respectively. Tiller production and survival, leaf area, and dry-matter accumulation and partition, were monitored over the season. Grain yield and its components were determined at maturity.The two hybrids responded similarly to the short and long daylength treatments. The duration of GSl was increased from 20 to 30 days, resulting in increased number of leaves, leaf area, and stem and total dry-matter accumulation; there was no effect on tiller production and survival, or on panicle growth rate. Grain yield was, therefore, the same in both GSl treatments, and harvest index (HI) was much reduced in the long GSl treatment owing to the increased stem growth. One evident effect of a longer GSl was on dry-matter partitioning between shoots; partitioning to the main stem (MS) was increased, whereas partitioning to the tillers was reduced.There was no difference in crop development, growth or yield between the two hybrids in either GSl treatment. The only significant differences were in the efficiency with which intercepted radiation was converted to dry matter, which was greater in 841A × J104 than in 81A × Souna B, and in the balance between MS and tillers; the grain yield of the MS was significantly greater in 81A x Souna B than in 841A × J104, but at the expense of number of productive tillers.The results demonstrate that both African and Indian phenotypes are equally productive under good agronomic conditions. The lower HI in longer duration African millets is a consequence of a much extended stem growth phase and therefore increased competition between stem and panicle during grain filling. Possible ways to increase grain yield in the medium duration African millets are considered.

Effect of split application of sulphur and nitrogen on growth and yield attributes of Brassica genotypes differing in time of flowering

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Altaf Ahmad ◽  
Y. P. Abrol ◽  
M. Z. Abdin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Biological Yield

According to prevalent agronomic practices for cultivation of Brassica genotypes, N is applied in split doses, while S is applied as a basal dose. This may create imbalance in the supply of these nutrients during the growth and development of the crop because metabolism of N and that of S are closely linked and play a central role in protein synthesis. The requirement of one depends on the supply of the other, and the imbalance in their supply causes a reduction in the yield because of reduced uptake and assimilation of the two nutrients. In the present investigation, therefore, S was applied in split doses, along with N, to study its effect on growth and yield attributes of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Coss. (V1) and Brassica campestris L. (V2). In the experiment, conducted in the field, 40 kg S ha−1 as CaSO4 (gypsum) was applied either in a single basal application (S1) or in two (S2) or three (S3) split applications; and 100 kg N ha−1 as urea was applied either in two (N2) or three (N3) splits. Biomass accumulation, leaf-area index (LAI), leaf-area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR) and photosynthesis in the leaves were determined at various phenological stages. Split application of S and N (S2N2 or S3N3) resulted in significant improvement in growth and yield of both the genotypes compared with the application of S in a single basal application and N in two splits (S1N2). Genetic variability was observed between the two genotypes in response to split application of S and N. V1 responded better when S and N was applied in two split doses (S2N2) than when it was applied as S1N2 or S3N3 This S2N2 treatment resulted in 40.0, 39.7, 35.5, 48.2 and 18.1% enhancement in biomass accumulation, LAI, LAD, CGR and photosynthetic rate, respectively in comparison with S1N2. Seed yield, biological yield and harvest index were improved by 38.3, 26.3 and 9.5%, respectively, by S2N2 over the results obtained with S1N2. In the case of V2, three split applications of S and N (S3N3) resulted in maximum growth and yield. Increases in biomass accumulation, LAI, LAD, CGR and photosynthetic rate due to application of S3N3 were 48.4, 81.3, 77.9, 101.1 and 28.6% respectively, over the results of S1N2. Seed yield, biological yield and harvest index improved by 41.3, 26.9 and 11.6% respectively, with this treatment.On the basis of results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that S must be applied in split doses for optimum growth and yield of Brassica genotypes. The variability in response of these genotypes to split application of S and N was due to differences in flowering time, as V1 flowered earlier (just after the application of the second dose of S and N) than V1 (just after the application of the third dose of S and N). Key words: Brassica genotypes, nitrogen, sulphur, split application, growth, yield

scholarly journals Application of insect-proof nets in pesticide-free rice creates an altered microclimate and differential agronomic performance

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoying Yang ◽  
Zhi Guo ◽  
Hongting Ji ◽  
Jing Sheng ◽  
Liugen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Proof Nets ◽  
Air Speed

BackgroundInsect-proof nets are commonly used in crop production and scientific research because of their environmental, economic, and agronomic benefits. However, insect-proof nets can unintentionally alter the microclimate inside the screenhouse and therefore greatly affect plant growth and yield. To examine the microclimate and agronomic performance of pesticide-free rice under insect-proof nets, two-year field experiments were carried out in 2011 and 2012.MethodsIn the present study, the experiment was conducted by using a split-plot design considering the cultivation environment (open field cultivation (OFC) and insect-proof nets cultivation (IPNC)) as the main plot and the varieties as the subplot (Suxiangjing3 and Nanjing44).ResultsIPNC significantly reduced the air speed and solar radiation, and slightly increased the daytime soil temperature, daytime air temperature, and nighttime relative humidity. By contrast, the nighttime soil temperature, nighttime air temperature, and daytime relative humidity were relatively unaffected. The grain yield of both rice cultivars decreased significantly under IPNC, which was largely attributed to the reduced panicle number. The reduced panicle number was largely associated with the decreased maximum tiller number, which was positively correlated with the tillering rate, time of tillering onset, and tillering cessation for both rice cultivars under IPNC. In addition, dry matter accumulation significantly decreased for both rice cultivars under IPNC, which was mainly caused by the decreased leaf area duration resulting from the reduced leaf area index. By contrast, the mean net assimilation rate was relatively unaffected by IPNC.DiscussionInsect-proof nets altered the microclimate in comparison with OFC by reducing the air speed and changing the radiation regime, which significantly affected dry matter production and yield of both japonica rice cultivars. Our results indicated that cultivation measures that could increase the tillering rate and the maximum tiller number under IPNC would lead to a significant increase in panicle number, ultimately increasing grain yield. In addition, maintaining a high leaf area duration by increasing the leaf area index would be important to compensate for the dry matter accumulation losses under IPNC. These findings are critical to provide a theoretical basis for improving agronomic performance of pesticide-free rice under IPNC.

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