Absorption and Translocation of Fluazifop with Additives

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Grzegorz A. Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Oil Additives ◽  
Petroleum Oil

The influence of various additives on the absorption and translocation of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} butyl ester in oats (Avena sativaL. var. ‘Lyon’) was determined. Fluazifop absorption and translocation by oats 48 h after application were less when applied with safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.), sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], linseed (Linum usitatissimumL.), and palm (Eleais quineeneisJacq.) oil than with petroleum oil. However, fluazifop absorption and translocation continued to increase for the 96-h duration of the experiment when applied with soybean oil but only for 24 h when applied with petroleum oil. The14C-fluazifop-label recovery was higher when applied with oils than when applied alone, which may have been due to reduced fluazifop volatility when it was emulsified with the oils. Absorption and translocation of fluazifop applied with glycerol or various emulsifiers were equal to or less than fluazifop absorption and translocation when applied with petroleum oils but were greater than fluazifop absorption and translocation when applied with seed oils 48 h after application. Fluazifop absorption and translocation were similar whether soybean or petroleum oil additives were applied with or without emulsifiers. Totally refined seed oils only slightly increased fluazifop absorption and translocation compared to fluazifop with once-refined or degummed seed oils.

Absorption and Translocation of CGA-82725 by Additives

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg R. Gillespie ◽  
Grzegor A. Skrzypczak ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Petroleum Oil

The influence of various additives on CGA-82725 [2-propanyl-2,4-(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy propanoate] absorption and translocation was determined in oats (Avena sativa L. ‘Lyon’). The absorption and translocation of 14C was greater when 14C-CGA-82725 was applied with petroleum oil compared to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil. The translocation of 14C was greater at 96 than 48 h after 14C-CGA-82725 application. The absorption of 14C was greater at 48 than 24 h but was similar at 48 and 96 h after 14C-CGA-82725 application with no additive, petroleum oil, or soybean oil. The absorbed and translocated 14C was greater when 14C-CGA-82725 was applied with oil at 1.2 compared to 0.6 L/ha. No additional increase in 14C absorption and translocation was obtained if the oil volume was increased to 2.3 L/ha. The addition of petroleum oil to 14C-CGA-82725 increased 14C absorption and translocation more than the addition of palm (Eleais quineeneis Jalq.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), or soybean oil. The four seed oils and the emulsifier At Plus 300F caused similar increases in 14C absorption and translocation over 14C-CGA-82725 applied alone. Ethylene glycol did not increase 14C absorption and translocation compared to 14C-CGA-82725 applied alone.

Absorption and Translocation of Sethoxydim with Additives

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Grzegorz A. Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Oil Percentage ◽  
Petroleum Oil ◽  
Emulsifier Concentration

Experiments were conducted to determine14C absorption and translocation by oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Lyon’) foliarly treated with14C-sethoxydim {(2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one)} and various additives. Safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], linseed (Linum usitatissimumL.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) oil all similarly increased foliar absorption and translocation of14C more than palm oil (Elaeis quineensisJacq.) but less than petroleum oil, when applied without an emulsifier. An emulsifier in the oil additive tended to enhance14C absorption and translocation more in soybean oil than petroleum oil so that14C absorption and translocation were similar with both oils containing emulsifiers. Absorption and translocation of14C tended to increase more with an increase in emulsifier concentration in soybean oil than in petroleum oil but not beyond 15% with either oil. Percentage of14C absorbed and translocated from14C-sethoxydim applied to oats increased as the amount of soybean oil applied increased from 2.3 to 4.6 L/ha, but the increase was less for sethoxydim at 0.87 kg ai/ha than at 0.03 or 0.17 kg ai/ha.

Absorption and Translocation of Herbicides with Lipid Compounds

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Grzegorz A. Skrzypczak ◽  
Greg R. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Lipid Compounds ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Absorption and translocation of14C following14C-fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} butyl ester and14C-sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} application to oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Lyon’) was greater when the herbicides were applied with oleic acid, linoleic acid, or fatty acid methyl esters compared to various triglycerides. The methyl esters of stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids enhanced14C absorption and translocation when applied with14C-fluazifop and14C-sethoxydim, except that the methyl ester of stearic acid did not enhance14C absorption and translocation when applied with14C-sethoxydim. The absorption and translocation of14C following the application of14C-CGA-82725 {(±)-2-[4-(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid)-2-propynylester},14C-diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid},14C-fluazifop, and14C-sethoxydim were generally enhanced equally or greater by the methyl ester of sunflower (Helianthus annumL.) oil than by petroleum oil additive or once refined sunflower oil. Methylated sunflower oil was equally or more effective as an additive than petroleum oil in enhancing grass control with fluazifop and sethoxydim in a field experiment.

The Effect of Adjuvants and Oil Carriers on Photodecomposition of 2,4-D, Bentazon, and Haloxyfop

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kent Harrison ◽  
Loyd M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Sorbitan Monolaurate ◽  
Photolysis Rates ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solution ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Petroleum Oil ◽  
White Mineral

Laboratory photolysis rates of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], and haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} in dilute aqueous solution were enhanced by the presence of adjuvants. Addition of 1.0% (v/v) petroleum oil concentrate (POC), 1.0% (v/v) soybean oil concentrate (SBOC), and 0.15% (v/v) emulsifier package (EP) enhanced herbicide photolysis rates more than addition of 0.15% (v/v) oxysorbic (20 POE) (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate). Bioassays showed that phytotoxicity of photolyzed herbicide solutions was negatively correlated with time of exposure to ultraviolet light. Addition of 0.85% (v/v) acetophenone to aqueous herbicide solutions containing 0.15% (v/v) oxysorbic strongly sensitized photodegradation of 2,4-D, and to a lesser extent, haloxyfop. Acetophenone had no effect on bentazon photolysis in the presence of oxysorbic. In another study, herbicides were dissolved in white mineral oil or once-refined soybean oil and exposed to ultraviolet light. After a 6-h exposure, there was 92% loss of haloxyfop in mineral oil and 36% loss in soybean oil. There was no difference between oils in affecting the photolysis rate of 2,4-D or bentazon.

Uptake and Translocation of Fluazifop in Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester D. Grafstrom ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Experiments were conducted on uptake and translocation of butyl ester of14C-fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid} in green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv. # SETVI]. Absorption of14C-fluazifop reached 67.6% 12 h after treatment with the petroleum oil additive compared to 44.0% when applied alone. Maximum14C-fluazifop absorption detected was 74.2% after 48 h with the oil additive compared to 58.6% after 72 h when applied alone. Translocation of14C-fluazifop was greater when applied with the oil additive than alone, but translocation did not increase after 12 h. Absorption and translocation of14C-fluazifop by green foxtail was greater when applied with the oil additive than alone in all environments. The oil additive overcame the reduced absorption of14C-fluazifop applied alone with low temperature (20 C), relative humidity (40%), and soil fertility (0.25× strength Hoagland's solution), but not the reduced absorption and translocation with an increase in stress to −10 bars.14C-fluazifop lost as vapors from the treated green foxtail leaf was 4.1% when applied alone compared to 0.6% when applied with an oil additive.

Effect of Adjuvant and Spray Volume on Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Control with Selective Postemergence Herbicides

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Kells ◽  
Gunawan Wanamarta
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Agropyron Repens ◽  
Spray Adjuvants

Soybean-based [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and petroleum-based crop oil concentrates were equally effective as spray adjuvants for control of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. #3AGRRE] with the butyl ester of fluazifop {[±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} and sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}. With favorable growing conditions at application in 1983 and 1985, an adjuvant concentration of 1% (v/v) with these herbicides was adequate for quackgrass control. Unfavorable growing conditions at application in 1984 resulted in unacceptable quackgrass control, and spray volume did not affect control. However, increasing the adjuvant concentration to 4% (v/v) with either herbicide applied in a spray volume of 70 L/ha nearly doubled quackgrass control. In 1983 and 1985, equal or greater quackgrass control with each herbicide was achieved with spray volumes as low as 35 L/ha compared to 280 L/ha.

Interaction of Acifluorfen with Fluazifop for Annual Grass Control

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 936-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Godley ◽  
Lynn M. Kitchen
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Nitrobenzoic Acid ◽  
Large Crabgrass

In field and greenhouse studies, tank mixing 0.3 and 0.4 kg ai/ha of the butyl ester of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} with 0.4 kg ai/ha of acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} reduced control of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] and itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltataL.f. # ROOEX) compared to fluazifop applied alone in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Less antagonism between the two herbicides was observed in a year when conditions were optimum for large crabgrass control with fluazifop. Application of acifluorfen 1 to 3 days before application of fluazifop decreased large crabgrass control. Antagonism between fluazifop and acifluorfen was avoided when fluazifop was applied 3 to 5 days before acifluorfen. No antagonism was observed when fluazifop at 0.3 or 0.4 kg/ha was tank mixed with acifluorfen at 0.4 kg/ha for control of itchgrass. Itchgrass was more susceptible to fluazifop than large crabgrass.

Postemergence Grass Control Herbicides Applied to the Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 942-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg R. Gillespie ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Exposure

The phytotoxicity of seven herbicides after soil application was determined in the field and greenhouse. Clopropoxydim {(E,E)-2-[1-[[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy] imino] butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}, sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-(2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}, the methyl ester of haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} applied to soil at 0.21 kg/ha, and the methyl ester of diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid}applied to soil at 1.12 kg/ha were phytotoxic to oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Moore’) in the field and greenhouse. These rates are equivalenttopostemergence use rates of these herbicides. DPX-Y6202 {2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} and the butyl ester of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} applied to soil at 0.84 kg/ha or greater were phytotoxic to oats. The ethyl ester of fenoxaprop {(±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} soil applied exhibited very limited phytotoxicity to oats. Oat stands were reduced when oats were seeded into soil treated with clopropoxydim, sethoxydim, haloxyfop, diclofop, DPX-Y6202, fluazifop, and fenoxaprop, with the amount of stand reduction decreasing from clopropoxydim to fenoxaprop. Oat fresh weight reductions were greatest with all herbicides when the herbicides were in contact with all underground parts (shoots, seeds, and roots). Oat fresh weight reductions were greater when either the shoot or seed of the germinating oat plants were exposed to the herbicides compared to root exposure. Foxtail millet (Setaria italicaL. ‘Siberian’) was more susceptible to injury than oats or wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Len’) when seeded into soil treated with any one of the seven postemergence grass control herbicides.

Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control by Herbicides in Oil Diluents

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Barrentine ◽  
Chester G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Internal Mixing ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Paraffinic Oil ◽  
Refined Soybean

Control of seedling and rhizome johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA] with five herbicides was evaluated after postemergence application in various diluents and spray volumes using one to three types of applicators from 1983 to 1985. The rate of each herbicide required to control seedling johnsongrass using paraffinic oil as the diluent in applications with an external- or internal-mixing air-assist sprayer at a spray volume of 9.4 L/ha was one-half the rate required when water plus 1.25% (v/v) paraffinic oil concentrate (POC) or water plus 1.25% (v/v) soybean oil concentrate (SOC) were the diluents in applications with a conventional sprayer equipped with fan jet spray nozzles at a spray volume of 187 L/ha. Rates were also reduced when once-refined soybean oil was the diluent at a spray volume of 9.4 L/ha, except for the ethyl ester of quizalofop {(±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid}. Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} was equally effective on seedling johnsongrass growing in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘DPL 105’] when applied at 224 g ai/ha with an internal-mixing air-assist sprayer or a controlled-droplet applicator (CDA) at a spray volume of 9.4 L/ha and a conventional sprayer at a spray volume of 187 L/ha, regardless of diluent. Conventional application required the use of 1.25% (v/v) SOC or POC as part of the diluent to be effective. For three of the five herbicides evaluated on rhizome johnsongrass, paraffinic oil at a spray volume of 9.4 L/ha was the only diluent that resulted in season-long control. Rhizome johnsongrass control with this diluent also resulted in significantly higher soybean yields than all other diluent-spray volume treatments.

Soybean Oil Used as an Alternative Pesticide on Nursery Stock

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 485d-485
Author(s):  
A.L. Lancaster ◽  
D.E. Deyton ◽  
C.E. Sams ◽  
C.D. Pless ◽  
D.C. Fare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Water Control ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blue Star ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Japanese Garden ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Fine Spray ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Research was conducted to determine if soybean oil sprays may substitute for petroleum oil for control of insects on nursery crops. Dormant field-grown `Globe' arborvitae shrubs infested with Fletcher scale were sprayed on 9 Mar. 1997 with 0%, 2%, 3%, or 4% soybean oil. One hundred scales per plant were evaluated on 4 Apr. 1997. Spraying 2% to 4% soybean oil on dormant arborvitae caused ≥97% mortality of Fletcher scale compared to only 7% mortality on untreated plants. of white pine, viburnum, `Anthony Waterer' spirea, `Green Beauty' boxwood, western red cedar, `Blue Star' juniper, `Blue Pacific' juniper, `Japanese Garden' juniper, and arborvitae plants in trade gallon pots and `Densiformus' yew and dwarf `Alberta' spruce in trade quart pots were sprayed with 0% (water control), 1%, or 2% soybean oil (emulsified with Latron B-1956) or 2% SunSpray Ultra-Fine Spray oil on 26 Aug. 1997 for phytotoxicity evaluation. No phytotoxicity occurred on western cedar, spirea, boxwood, yew, arborvitae, or viburnum. Spraying Sunspray or soybean oil caused initial loss of blue color on blue junipers and white pine. Spraying 1 or 2% soybean oil or 2% SunSpray caused phytotoxicity to `Blue Star' juniper. The `Blue Pacific' juniper, `Japanese Garden' juniper, and Alberta spruce were slightly damaged by 2% but not by 1% soybean oil.

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