Phytotoxicity and Adsorption of Chlorsulfuron as Affected by Soil Properties

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wondimagegnehu Mersie ◽  
Chester L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The phytotoxicity of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} was compared in six soils, and the relationship of activity to soil physical and chemical properties was evaluated. The influence of soil pH (4.2 to 7.8) on phytotoxicity and adsorption of chlorsulfuron incorporated into high-organic-matter soil was also studied. For the phytotoxicity studies, corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3320’) was used as the bioassay plant. Organic matter was the soil variable most highly correlated with chlorsulfuron phytotoxicity. There was an inverse relationship between phytotoxicity and organic matter. No significant relationship between clay content and chlorsulfuron toxicity was observed. The adsorption of chlorsulfuron decreased with increasing soil pH while desorption was greater at alkaline pH. Phytotoxicity of chlorsulfuron increased with increasing soil pH and reached a maximum at pH 6.9.

Pronamide Phytotoxicity in Ten Wisconsin Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Dutt ◽  
R. G. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Mg Content ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Pronamide [3,5-dichloro-(N-1, 1-dimethyl-2-propynyl) benzamide] phytotoxicity was compared in 10 Wisconsin soils and the relationship of activity to soil physical and chemical properties appraised. Twelve soil properties were measured and correlated with pronamide I50(50% fresh weight inhibition) values using oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Portal’) as the indicator plant in bioassays conducted under greenhouse conditions. Organic matter was the soil variable most inversely correlated with pronamide phytotoxicity. Cation exchange capacity, field moisture capacity, and Mg content were also inversely correlated with pronamide phytotoxicity, but probably reflect changes in soil organic matter levels. Clay content did not significantly affect pronamide phytotoxicity.

scholarly journals Physical properties and particle-size fractions of soil organic matter in crop-livestock integration

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1299-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Tirloni ◽  
Antonio Carlos Tadeu Vitorino ◽  
Anderson Cristian Bergamin ◽  
Luiz Carlos Ferreira de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Crop-livestock integration represents an interesting alternative of soil management, especially in regions where the maintenance of cover crops in no-tillage systems is difficult. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil physical and chemical properties, based on the hypothesis that a well-managed crop-livestock integration system improves the soil quality and stabilizes the system. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design, with five replications. The treatments were arranged in a 6 x 4 factorial design, to assess five crop rotation systems in crop-livestock integration, and native forest as reference of soil undisturbed by agriculture, in four layers (0.0-0.05; 0.05-0.10; 0.10-0.15 and 0.15-0.20 m). The crop rotation systems in crop-livestock integration promoted changes in soil physical and chemical properties and the effects of the different systems were mainly detected in the surface layer. The crops in integrated crop-livestock systems allowed the maintenance of soil carbon at levels equal to those of the native forest, proving the efficiency of these systems in terms of soil conservation. The systems influenced the environmental stability positively; the soil quality indicator mineral-associated organic matter was best related to aggregate stability.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ON SOIL AGGREGATION AND RESPONSE TO VAMA

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Saini ◽  
A. A. MacLean ◽  
J. J. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Mean Weight Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates to certain soil properties (clay, organic matter, free iron, free aluminum, and polysaccharide contents) and the relationship of the increase in aggregation caused by VAMA to the same properties of 24 New Brunswick soils were evaluated by correlation and regression analyses.Simple correlation coefficients relating aggregation to soil properties indicated that organic matter (r = 0.627), polysaccharides (r = 0.602), and aluminum (r = 0.679) were the most important factors. However, when the influence of each factor was separated by partial correlation, the coefficients were not significant. On the other hand, the combined effects of all factors as indicated by the multiple correlation coefficient (r = 0.743) was significant at the 1% level. The effect of the same soil properties on response to VAMA, as shown by increase in mean weight diameter, indicated that clay exerted the greatest influence. The relationship with other factors was nonsignificant.

Composting winery wastes with clinoptilolite. Suitability for land application.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chronis Kolovos ◽  
Maria Doula ◽  
Stamatios Kavasilis ◽  
Georgios Zagklis ◽  
Gerasimos Tsitselis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Winery Waste ◽  
And Chemical Properties

<p>Soil application of raw winery wastes is a procedure of doubtful appropriateness, mainly because of waste properties, i.e. very acidic pH; high electrical conductivity; and high content of polyphenols. The disposal of winery waste on soils may cause various environmental and health hazards as for example soil overloading with polyphenols and salts, phytotoxicity to plants, odor nuisance etc. Pathogens, which may still be present in the decomposed material could spread plants and soil diseases, while waste piles attract insects, pests, domestic rodents and wildlife which may threaten public and animal health. Despite these facts, many wine producers discharge winery waste to the nearby agricultural or forest ecosystems, without treatment although this type of agricultural waste could be a significant source of organic matter and nutrients.</p><p> </p><p>In general, degradation of winery waste is a slow procedure which becomes even slower under the xerothermic climatic conditions in Greece, which may slow down the microbially mediated decomposition of organic matter and nutrients cycling; degradation of winery waste piles takes more than 5 years to be completed naturally. However, the final products are of doubtful appropriateness for fertilization use, mainly because of low quality organic matter and low nutrients content (lost mainly due to the exposure of piles to uncontrolled environmental conditions for years).</p><p> </p><p>This study aims to highlight the advantages of composting winery wastes by using also other agricultural wastes and additives as feedstock to produce a safe and environment friendly compost, appropriate for application to agricultural ecosystems. For this a 41 hectares vineyard in North Greece of about 400 tn grapes yield annually and generation of approximately 100 tn of waste was selected. Winery waste was collected after harvesting and wine-making period of 2018 and composted with cow manure, wheat straw and clinoptilolite up to 5%.</p><p> </p><p>Composting phase lasted 5 months, and during this period the pile was monitored as regard temperature, moisture and oxygen content. After composting completion, the final product was fully characterized in terms of its physical and chemical properties, considering national legislation organic materials reuse on soils. The outcomes of this study show a great potential for managing such waste types by composting using clinoptilolite in the feedstock materials since the final product has suitable physical and chemical properties for many crops, i.e. slight alkaline pH, low electrical conductivity, low polyphenol content and high content of available nutrient, therefore can be used as soil amendment or organic fertilizer.</p>

Control of soil development on the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Van Cleve ◽  
C.T. Dyrness ◽  
G.M. Marion ◽  
R. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Vegetation Development ◽  
River Floodplain ◽  
Soil Particle Size ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Alluvial soils on the Tanana River floodplain near Fairbanks, Alaska, were examined for development of physical and chemical properties in relation to soil depth and across a 200-year vegetation development sequence. Development was mediated by ecosystem controls including successional time, vegetation, terrace height, soil physical and chemical properties, and microclimate. These controls interact and are conditioned by the state factors time, flora, topography, parent material, and climate, respectively. On early-successional (<5 years) lower alluvial surfaces, terrace height above groundwater, soil particle size, and microclimate (through soil surface evaporation) interacted through capillary rise to produce salt-affected surface soil. Calcium salts of carbonate and sulfate were the principal chemicals encountered in these soils. Establishment of a vegetation cover between 5 and 10 years introduced evapotranspiration as a new mechanism, along with capillarity, to control moisture suction gradients. In addition, newly formed surface litter layers further helped eliminate evaporation and formation of high salt content surface soil. Continued sedimentation raised terrace elevation, so on older terraces only infrequent flood events influenced soil development. Moreover, in these successional stages, only the highest river stages raised groundwater levels, so transpiration and capillarity influenced water movement to tree root systems. During the first 25–30 years of succession, plant deposition of organic matter and nitrogen, associated with the growth of alder, markedly changed soil properties. Nearly 60% (or 240 g•m−2) of the 400 g•m−2 nitrogen encountered at 100 years was accumulated during this early period. After 100 years of vegetation development, soil carbonate content dropped to about half the peak values of about 1600 g•m−2 encountered between 4 and 25 years. By the time white spruce was the dominant forest type at 180 years, carbonate carbon declined to about 500 g•m−2, one-third that of the 1600 g•m−2 high. By this time surface soil pH declined from high values of 7.5 to between 5.5 and 6.0. Organic carbon continued to accumulate to about 6300 g•m−2 in the white spruce stage, twice that encountered in the alder–poplar stage at 25 years. Indices of moisture retention were most strongly related to either soil particle size (low moisture tension and available moisture range) or vegetation-mediated soil organic matter content (high moisture tension). Cation exchange capacity was most strongly related to a vegetation-mediated index of organic matter (OM) content (%N, %C, or %OM).

scholarly journals PRODUÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE BIOCARVÃO A PARTIR DE BIOSSÓLIDOS ARMAZENADOS EM BAG’s GEOTÊXTEIS NO MUNICÍPIO DE RANCHARIA -SP

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
Beatriz Regina de Ângelo ◽  
Rafaela Pelegrini Vital ◽  
Marcelo Rodrigo Alves ◽  
Jaqueline Oliveira da Silva ◽  
Melissa Arantes Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Stable Material ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Sewage sludge refers to a nutrient-rich by-product and organic matter from treatment plants and has become a challenge for many research segments to find a rational and sustainable destination for this material. In this context, the carbonization of biomass (by the pyrolysis process) results in biochar, characterized by a very stable material with specific physical and chemical properties and can represent a very important tool for this challenge. Thus, the objective of the present work was to transform, bypyrolysis process, small portions of the biosolid generated in Rancharia ETE into biochar. In addition, both the biosolid and the generated bicarbons were subjected to physical, chemical and structural analyzes in order to proceed with their respective characterization. From the analysis, it was found that the treatment submitted to temperature of 550°C as the best option for possible applications.Keywords:biosolid; pyrolysis; biochar.

scholarly journals From the study of the characteristics of the mountain dark kastanozem in the mouth of Shar Khad in Uvur Zaisan, Bogd Khan mountain

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Lkhamsuren Byambaja ◽  
Khishigsaikhan Adiyazar ◽  
Janchivdorj Baatarkhuu ◽  
Soronzongombo Byambaa ◽  
Namjilsuren Ganbaatar
Keyword(s):  
Structural Stability ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Physical Clay ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

We cut in 25.5 hectares of soil at the mouth of Shar Khad in Uvur Zaisan, Bogd Khan Uul, made morphological records, determined the soil structure, its stability, physical and chemical properties, and compared it with the soil properties of the fenced area selected as the main control parameters. In this study, we compared the structure, structural stability, physical and chemical properties of mountain dark kastanozem. For the soil structure of the study area, the proportion of 0.25-10 mm structure in the 0-8 cm layer is 5-18 %, and the structure size of less than 0.25 mm is 27 %, and the structural stability is 2-2.5 on average at 0-3 cm soil In terms of points and mechanical composition, light loam and sandy soils predominated in the 0-8 cm layer of soil, sand content increased by 48.2%, physical clay content decreased by 68.8%, and humus content decreased by 0.6% from the fenced area selected for control. As a result, the characteristics of the dark kastanozem degraded of the settled area. Богдхан уулын Өвөр Зайсангийн Шар хадны амны уулын хар хүрэн хөрсний шинж чанарыг судалсан дүн Бид Богд Хан уулын Өвөр Зайсангийн Шар хадны амны  25.5 га талбайн хөрсөнд зүсэлт хийж, морфологи бичиглэл үйлдэн, хөрсний бүтэц, түүний тогтвортой байдал, физик, химийн шинж чанарыг тодорхойлон голлох үзүүлэлтээр хяналт болгон сонгож авсан хашиж хамгаалсан талбайн хөрсний шинж чанартай харьцуулан уг судалгааг хийж гүйцэтгэв. Бид уг судалгаагаар уулын хар хүрэн хөрсний бүтэц, бүтцийн тогтвортой байдал, физик, химийн шинж чанарыг харьцуулан судлав. Судалгааны талбайн хөрсний бүтцийн хувьд 0-8 см үе давхаргад 0.25-10 мм хэмжээтэй бүтцийн эзлэх хувь 5-18 %, 0.25 мм-ээс бага хэмжээтэй бүтэц 27 %-ийг эзэлж, бүтцийн тогтвортой байдал хөрсний 0-3 см үед дунджаар 2-2.5 балл, механик бүрэлдэхүүний хувьд хөрсний 0-8 см үе давхаргад хөнгөн шавранцар механик бүрэлдэхүүн зонхилж, элсний агууламж 48.2 %-иар нэмэгдэж, физик шаврын агууламж 68.8 %-иар, ялзмагийн агууламж хяналт болгон сонгож авсан хашсан талбайнхаас 0.6 %-иар тус тус буурсан байна. Мөн хөрсний шим тэжээлийн элементүүд болох хөдөлгөөнт фосфор, солилцох калийн агууламжийн хувьд ч хашсан талбайнхаас бага байна. Дээрхи үр дүнгээс үзэхэд судалгааны талбайд тогтворжсон уулын хар хүрэн хөрсний шинж чанарт мэдэгдэхүйц өөрчлөлт орж талхагдал, доройтолд өртжээ гэж үзэх үндэстэй байна.  Түлхүүр үг: Хөрсний бүтэц, хөрсний бүтцийн тогтвортой байдал, хөрсний физик шинж, хими шинж, хөрсний доройтол

PHOTO-OXIDATION OF CRUDE OILS

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 617-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Nagata ◽  
Goro Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Boiling Points ◽  
Ca 50 ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Photo Decomposition ◽  
And Chemical Properties

ABSTRACT Changes with elapsed time are presented for five kinds of oils that were studied through the analyses of GLC method, where particularly we made an attempt to examine the relationship among specific gravity, viscosity, and the amount of water in oils. Furthermore, we tried to evaluate a few processes of various kinds of changes on the physical and chemical properties of oils such as evaporation, biodegradation, and photo-decomposition. The evaporation process was found to affect mainly paraffins with smaller boiling points, below the number of C12-C13, for 21 days, while due to the action of marine bacteria, normal paraffins were effectively degraded (ca. 50%) after 15 days except for branched ones. Moreover, it was also found that the aromatic hydrocarbons with anthracene ring and heteroaromatic ones, which were not easily decomposed by the processes mentioned above, were fairly decomposed by photo-irradiation for 10 hours.

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