Accidental and Intentional Red Glaze on Athenian Vases

1951 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela M. A. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
Greek Vases ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Professor Wace's many distinguished contributions to archaeology have been in a variety of fields. In all, however, he has kept an eye on the technical side of the problem, which so often illuminates our research. I, therefore, offer this investigation in his honour.After Mr. Charles F. Binns had in 1929 published his theory of the firing of Athenian vases successively under oxidising, reducing, and re-oxidising conditions it became clear that the glaze on Greek vases turned red or black according to the conditions of the firing. This theory has recently been endorsed and amplified by Mr. Theodor Schumann, a ceramic chemist, who, at the instigation of the well-known archaeologist Mr. Carl Weickert, conducted during the war a series of experiments in the chemical laboratory of the Schütte Akt. Ges. für Tonindustrie in Heisterholz, Westphalia, and at long last successfully imitated the Attic black glaze. Like Binns, he used as the only ingredients for the glaze a clay that contained iron—i.e. red-burning—and a small quantity of alkali (potash or soda). His important new contribution was the peptising of the clay, whereby he eliminated the heavier particles. By using only the fluid made of the smaller and therefore lighter particles of the clay, he obtained a glaze of remarkable thinness, equal in quality and appearance to the Attic one.

scholarly journals PhactorTM – a High Throughput Experimentation Management System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Cernak ◽  
Babak Mahjour
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
Liquid Handling ◽  
High Throughput Experimentation ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Machine Readable ◽  
Liquid Handling Robot ◽  
Readable Format ◽  
Machine Readable Format

<p>High throughput experimentation (HTE) is an increasingly important tool in the study of chemical synthesis. While the hardware for running HTE in the synthesis lab has evolved significantly in recent years, there remains a need for software solutions to navigate data rich experiments. We have developed the software, phactor™, to facilitate the performance and analysis of HTE in a chemical laboratory. phactor™ allows experimentalists to rapidly design arrays of chemical reactions in 24, 96, 384, or 1,536 wellplates. Users can access online reagent data, such as a lab inventory, to populate wells with experiments and produce instructions to perform the screen manually, or with the assistance of a liquid handling robot. After completion of the screen, analytical results can be uploaded for facile evaluation, and to guide the next series of experiments. All chemical data, metadata, and results are stored in a machine-readable format.</p>

scholarly journals Section A. -Mathematical and physical sciences. - Address of the President, Lord Rayleigh, O. M., D. C. L., at the anniversary meeting on November 30, 1906

1907 ◽  
Vol 79 (527) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Keyword(s):  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
Double Refraction ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Electric Theory

On this list are to be found the names of veterans distinguished in many branches of science and in public affairs. One name is a household word in every physical and chemical laboratory. It would be difficult, indeed, to enumerate the investigations which have owed their success to the invention of the Sprengel mercury pump. In other cases, scientific careers still in full activity have, unhappily, been cut short. I allude especially to Joly, Marshall Ward, and Weldon. Even within my term of office our discussions have been enlivened by Weldon’s scientific enthusiasm and vigorous polemics. On the Foreign list are two distinguished names. Professor Ludwig Boltzmann, of Vienna, was perhaps the first Continental physicist to take up the ideas of Maxwell’s electric theory of light, of which he had early grasped the scope and became for many years one of its most emphatic supporters. One of his earliest series of experiments was a determination of the influence of the crystalline quality on the dielectric constant of sulphur, with a view to comparison with its optical double refraction. In the theory of gases he is to be classed along with Clausius and Maxwell as one of the creators of the dynamical theory, on which he became the highest authority. By developing an idea originated by Bartoli he placed Stefan’s law of intensity of natural radiation on a theoretical basis, and thus became the pioneer in the modern thermodynamics of radiant energy. He contributed to the advance of physical science by many other investigations, and by his books on Gas Theory, on Electrodynamics, and on Mechanics. I may perhaps be allowed to add that at the time of his unhappy death, Boltzmann’s name was before the Council as proposed for one of our medals.

scholarly journals PhactorTM – a High Throughput Experimentation Management System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Cernak ◽  
Babak Mahjour
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
Liquid Handling ◽  
High Throughput Experimentation ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Machine Readable ◽  
Liquid Handling Robot ◽  
Readable Format ◽  
Machine Readable Format

<p>High throughput experimentation (HTE) is an increasingly important tool in the study of chemical synthesis. While the hardware for running HTE in the synthesis lab has evolved significantly in recent years, there remains a need for software solutions to navigate data rich experiments. We have developed the software, phactor™, to facilitate the performance and analysis of HTE in a chemical laboratory. phactor™ allows experimentalists to rapidly design arrays of chemical reactions in 24, 96, 384, or 1,536 wellplates. Users can access online reagent data, such as a lab inventory, to populate wells with experiments and produce instructions to perform the screen manually, or with the assistance of a liquid handling robot. After completion of the screen, analytical results can be uploaded for facile evaluation, and to guide the next series of experiments. All chemical data, metadata, and results are stored in a machine-readable format.</p>

scholarly journals Address of the President, Lord Rayleigh, O. M., D. C. L., at the Anniversary Meeting on November 30, 1906

1907 ◽  
Vol 79 (529) ◽  
pp. 83-94
Keyword(s):  
Physical Science ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
Double Refraction ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Electric Theory

On this list are to be found the names of veterans distinguished in many branches of science and in public affairs. One name is a household word in every physical and chemical laboratory. It would be difficult, indeed, to enumerate the investigations which have owed their success to the invention of the Sprengel mercury pump. In other cases, scientific careers still in full activity have, unhappily, been cut short. I allude especially to Joly, Marshall Ward, and Weldon. Even within my term of office our discussions have been enlivened by Weldon’s scientific enthusiasm and vigorous polemics. On the Foreign list are two distinguished names. Professor Ludwig Boltzmann, of Vienna, was perhaps the first Continental physicist to take up the ideas of Maxwell’s electric theory of light, of which he had early grasped the scope, and became for many years one of its most emphatic supporters. One of his earliest series of experiments was a determination of the influence of the crystalline quality on the dielectric constant of sulphur, with a view to comparison with its optical double refraction. In the theory of gases he is to be classed along with Clausius and Maxwell as one of the creators of the dynamical theory, on which he became the highest authority. By developing an idea originated by Bartoli he placed Stefan’s law of intensity of natural radiation on a theoretical basis, and thus became the pioneer in the modern thermodynamics of radiant energy. He contributed to the advance of physical science by many other investigations, and by his books on Gas Theory, on Electrodynamics, and on Mechanics. I may perhaps be allowed to add that at the time of his unhappy death, Boltzmann’s name was before the Council as proposed for one of our medals.

X-ray microanalysis of thin specimens in the transmission electron microscope at voltages up to 1000 Kv.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
G. Cliff ◽  
M.J. Nasir ◽  
G.W. Lorimer ◽  
N. Ridley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Constant Independent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Image Position ◽  
X Ray Absorption

In a specimen which is transmission thin to 100 kV electrons - a sample in which X-ray absorption is so insignificant that it can be neglected and where fluorescence effects can generally be ignored (1,2) - a ratio of characteristic X-ray intensities, I1/I2 can be converted into a weight fraction ratio, C1/C2, using the equationwhere k12 is, at a given voltage, a constant independent of composition or thickness, k12 values can be determined experimentally from thin standards (3) or calculated (4,6). Both experimental and calculated k12 values have been obtained for K(11<Z>19),kα(Z>19) and some Lα radiation (3,6) at 100 kV. The object of the present series of experiments was to experimentally determine k12 values at voltages between 200 and 1000 kV and to compare these with calculated values.The experiments were carried out on an AEI-EM7 HVEM fitted with an energy dispersive X-ray detector.

Slip traces caused by plastic deformation during recrystallization of thin metal sheets

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 620-621
Author(s):  
H. Lin ◽  
D. P. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Sample Thickness ◽  
List Type ◽  
Metal Sheets ◽  
Second Phases ◽  
Slip Traces ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Individual Grains

During a study of mechanical properties of recrystallized B-free Ni3Al single crystals, regularly spaced parallel traces within individual grains were discovered on the surfaces of thin recrystallized sheets, see Fig. 1. They appeared to be slip traces, but since we could not find similar observations in the literature, a series of experiments was performed to identify them. We will refer to them “traces”, because they contain some, if not all, of the properties of slip traces. A variety of techniques, including the Electron Backscattering Pattern (EBSP) method, was used to ascertain the composition, geometry, and crystallography of these traces. The effect of sample thickness on their formation was also investigated.In summary, these traces on the surface of recrystallized Ni3Al have the following properties:1.The chemistry and crystallographic orientation of the traces are the same as the bulk. No oxides or other second phases were observed.2.The traces are not grooves caused by thermal etching at previous locations of grain boundaries.3.The traces form after recrystallization (because the starting Ni3Al is a single crystal).4.For thicknesses between 50 μm and 720 μm, the density of the traces increases as the sample thickness decreases. Only one set of “protrusion-like” traces is visible in a given grain on the thicker samples, but multiple sets of “cliff-like” traces are visible on the thinner ones (See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).5.They are linear and parallel to the traces of {111} planes on the surface, see Fig. 3.6.Some of the traces terminate within the interior of the grains, and the rest of them either terminate at or are continuous across grain boundaries. The portion of latter increases with decreasing thickness.7.The grain size decreases with decreasing thickness, the decrease is more pronounced when the grain size is comparable with the thickness, Fig. 4.8.Traces also formed during the recrystallization of cold-rolled polycrystalline Cu thin sheets, Fig. 5.

Dissection of the molecular mechanisms of protein targeting to the peroxisome using immunofluorescence and immunocryoelectron microscopies

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
G-A. Keller ◽  
S. J. Gould ◽  
S. Subramani ◽  
S. Krisans
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Targeting ◽  
Firefly Luciferase ◽  
Peroxisomal Enzyme ◽  
Transfected Cells ◽  
Peroxisomal Targeting ◽  
Targeting Signal ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Peroxisomal Targeting Signal

Subcellular compartments within eukaryotic cells must each be supplied with unique sets of proteins that must be directed to, and translocated across one or more membranes of the target organelles. This transport is mediated by cis- acting targeting signals present within the imported proteins. The following is a chronological account of a series of experiments designed and carried out in an effort to understand how proteins are targeted to the peroxisomal compartment.-We demonstrated by immunocryoelectron microscopy that the enzyme luciferase is a peroxisomal enzyme in the firefly lantern. -We expressed the cDNA encoding firefly luciferase in mammalian cells and demonstrated by immunofluorescence that the enzyme was transported into the peroxisomes of the transfected cells. -Using deletions, linker insertions, and gene fusion to identify regions of luciferase involved in its transport to the peroxisomes, we demonstrated that luciferase contains a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) within its COOH-terminal twelve amino acid.

Effect of furnace atmosphere and silica content on the consolidation behaviour of magnesia partially stabilised zirconia

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1056-1057
Author(s):  
J. Drennan ◽  
R.H.J. Hannink ◽  
D.R. Clarke ◽  
T.M. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Liquid Phase Sintering ◽  
Furnace Atmosphere ◽  
Boundary Phase ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscope ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Compositional Gradients ◽  
Mobile Liquid

Magnesia partially stabilised zirconia (Mg-PSZ) ceramics are renowned for their excellent nechanical properties. These are effected by processing conditions and purity of starting materials. It has been previously shown that small additions of strontia (SrO) have the effect of removing the major contaminant, silica (SiO2).The mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood but the strontia appears to form a very mobile liquid phase at the grain boundaries. As the sintering reaches the final stages the liquid phase is expelled to the surface of the ceramic. A series of experiments, to examine the behaviour of the liquid grain boundary phase, were designed to produce compositional gradients across the ceramic bodies. To achieve this, changes in both silica content and furnace atmosphere were implemented. Analytical electron microscope techniques were used to monitor the form and composition of the phases developed. This paper describes the results of our investigation and the presentation will discuss the work with reference to liquid phase sintering of ceramics in general.

Nonconscious Activation of Achievement Goals

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Engeser
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Achievement Goal ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Achievement Motive ◽  
Goal Priming ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Research Questions

In a series of experiments, Bargh, Gollwitzer, Lee-Chai, Barndollar, and Trötschel (2001) documented that achievement goals can be activated outside of awareness and can then operate nonconsciously in order to guide self-regulated behavior effectively. In three experiments (N = 69, N = 71, N = 56), two potential moderators of the achievement goal priming effect were explored. All three experiments showed small but consistent effects of the nonconscious activation of the achievement goal, though word class did not moderate the priming effect. There was no support for the hypothesis that the explicit achievement motive moderates the priming effect. Implications are addressed in the light of other recent studies in this domain and further research questions are outlined.

Do Event-Related Brain Potentials Reflect Mental (Cognitive) Operations?

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kotchoubey
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Abstract Most cognitive psychophysiological studies assume (1) that there is a chain of (partially overlapping) cognitive processes (processing stages, mechanisms, operators) leading from stimulus to response, and (2) that components of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) may be regarded as manifestations of these processing stages. What is usually discussed is which particular processing mechanisms are related to some particular component, but not whether such a relationship exists at all. Alternatively, from the point of view of noncognitive (e. g., “naturalistic”) theories of perception ERP components might be conceived of as correlates of extraction of the information from the experimental environment. In a series of experiments, the author attempted to separate these two accounts, i. e., internal variables like mental operations or cognitive parameters versus external variables like information content of stimulation. Whenever this separation could be performed, the latter factor proved to significantly affect ERP amplitudes, whereas the former did not. These data indicate that ERPs cannot be unequivocally linked to processing mechanisms postulated by cognitive models of perception. Therefore, they cannot be regarded as support for these models.

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