Do Event-Related Brain Potentials Reflect Mental (Cognitive) Operations?

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kotchoubey
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Abstract Most cognitive psychophysiological studies assume (1) that there is a chain of (partially overlapping) cognitive processes (processing stages, mechanisms, operators) leading from stimulus to response, and (2) that components of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) may be regarded as manifestations of these processing stages. What is usually discussed is which particular processing mechanisms are related to some particular component, but not whether such a relationship exists at all. Alternatively, from the point of view of noncognitive (e. g., “naturalistic”) theories of perception ERP components might be conceived of as correlates of extraction of the information from the experimental environment. In a series of experiments, the author attempted to separate these two accounts, i. e., internal variables like mental operations or cognitive parameters versus external variables like information content of stimulation. Whenever this separation could be performed, the latter factor proved to significantly affect ERP amplitudes, whereas the former did not. These data indicate that ERPs cannot be unequivocally linked to processing mechanisms postulated by cognitive models of perception. Therefore, they cannot be regarded as support for these models.

scholarly journals Analisis TOWS-K dan SWOT Studi Kasus Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Ma’had Aly Al-Hikam Malang

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Mochamad Nurcholiq
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
The 1960S

Talking about strategic management (MS), automatic also talks about TOWS and SWOT analysis. TOWS-K analysis is often equated with a SWOT analysis, because they pay attention to internal variables, namely Strength (S) and Weakness (W) and external variables, namely Opportunities (O) and Threats (T). Seen from the historical point of view, can be found two types of analysis, the TOWS-K analysis was first in the 1960s while the SWOT analysis was in the 1990s. Institute of  Islamic Religion Ma'had Aly Al-Hikam (STAIMA Al-Hikam Malang) is a higher education institution (institute) who had stood 17 years ago in 2003. Researcher had not received the study discussed strategic management. The study about this institution in facing the future, especially in the industrial era 4.0. In the Malang city, in the last 10 years many higher education institutions (universities / PT) have been established, which until now there are 50 universities. This research examines and explores the S-W-O-T variable owned by STAIMA Al-Hikam Malang, whose results can be used in determining future policies.

scholarly journals Resources in shaping the efficiency of dynamic capabilities of Polish enterprises

Upravlenie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Sh. Tsifert ◽  
K. Kshakevich
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Sales Growth ◽  
External Variables ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research Resources

The dynamic capabilities, representing the organization’s competence to integrate, create and reconfigure internal and external competencies to ensure compliance with constantly changing environmental conditions, allow the organization to achieve a competitive advantage in the long term. The assumption of the background about the importance of dynamic capabilities for understanding the phenomenon of competition raises the question of the variables, affecting the effectiveness of the processes of formation of dynamic capabilities.The aim of this paper is discussion of the results of studies on the impact of resources on the effectiveness of the processes of formation of dynamic capabilities of Polish enterprises. The nature and essence of dynamic abilities of enterprises have been characterized in the article, the value of resources in the processes of formation of dynamic abilities of Polish enterprises has been noted, which subsequently allowed to formulate conclusions about the relationship between resources and efficiency of processes of formation of dynamic abilities of Polish enterprises have been formulated. The results of the research resources in the processes of formation of dynamic capabilities of Polish enterprises, presented in the paper, are fragment of the research project, whose goal is to develop a paradigm concept of dynamic capabilities from the perspective of strategic management, identification and analysis of dynamic capabilities of Polish enterprises.According to respondents in the process of questioning, sources of efficiency should be sought in external variables (customer loyalty, market share, sales growth), but not in internal variables (employment growth). Such a state, indicating the orientation of the organization outward, should be considered correct from the point of view of the logic of the dominant ways of constructing a strategy, since it indicates an understanding of the needs of the environment, while dynamically comparing with the expectations of this environment and the resources available to the organization.

Thanato-Laboratorien. Theorien von Tod und Sterben und Elias Canettis Buch gegen den Tod

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-86
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Heyne
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Elias Canetti ◽  
History Of ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
First Time ◽  
Textual Form ◽  
Or History

AbstractAlthough visual culture of the 21th century increasingly focuses on representation of death and dying, contemporary discourses still lack a language of death adequate to the event shown by pictures and visual images from an outside point of view. Following this observation, this article suggests a re-reading of 20th century author Elias Canetti. His lifelong notes have been edited and published posthumously for the first time in 2014. Thanks to this edition Canetti's short texts and aphorisms can be focused as a textual laboratory in which he tries to model a language of death on experimental practices of natural sciences. The miniature series of experiments address the problem of death, not representable in discourses of cultural studies, system theory or history of knowledge, and in doing so, Canetti creates liminal texts at the margins of western concepts of (human) life, science and established textual form.

Core Criteria I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford C. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Infinite Regress ◽  
Belief Formation ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Epistemic Criteria ◽  
Problem Of The Criterion

Chapter 3 deals with the first issue one faces in the task of articulating the explicit epistemic criteria for belief: the problem of the criterion. It is tempting to suppose that a belief can be normatively proper from the epistemic point of view only if the believer can certify for herself the reliability of every belief-forming process on which she relied. But insisting on this quickly leads to the threat of an infinite regress. This chapter defends a foundationalist response to this problem, according to which we enjoy a default (albeit defeasible) permission to rely on certain cognitive processes in belief-formation. These are processes that satisfy what the author calls the Reliabilist Rationale. Importantly, our permissions here are social: any one of us is permitted to rely on any token process that satisfies this rationale, whether the token process resides in one’s own mind/brain or that of another epistemic subject.

Generational differences in the placement of clitic se in New York City Spanish

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110165
Author(s):  
Kevin Martillo Viner
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Finite Verb ◽  
Chi Square Tests

Aims and objectives: This study analyzes the proclitic and enclitic positions of Spanish clitic se (e.g., ella se quería ir / ella quería irse ‘she wanted to go’) across two generations of Spanish speakers in New York City. In an effort to contribute to ongoing research aimed at better understanding Spanish in the US, the following questions are addressed. In syntactic environments that permit variation, does placement of Spanish se differ between the two generations? From the internal variables identified for this study (nonfinite verb type, finite verb, tense of finite verb, grammatical person, use of se, grammatical mood of finite verb, negation), which ones have a statistically significant effect on placement? From the external variables identified for this study (national origin, region, areal origins, sex, age, years in US, socioeconomic class, education, English skill, Spanish skill, general Spanish use), which ones have a statistically significant effect on placement? Design and data: This study is carried out within a variationist-sociolinguistic framework and the sample consists of 50 participants, 25 from the first generation (G1) and 25 from the second (G2). Analysis: Bivariate chi-square tests are performed in order to determine what internal and external variables constrain placement of the dependent variable (clitic se placement). Findings: Generation has a statistically significant effect on placement ( p = .016), wherein proclisis is more frequent amongst the G2 participants. These results corroborate previous research showing an overall preference for proclisis in both monolingual and bilingual/heritage speakers. Further, chi-square tests pinpoint five conditioning effects for G1 (nonfinite verb type, use of se, finite verb, years in US, and English skill), but only two for G2 (use of se and English skill). Originality and implications: The present study is the first to discover strong correlations between the proclitic position and the numerous internal and external variables quantitatively assessed. Future research is thus warranted.

scholarly journals Young Consumers’ Intention to Participate in the Sharing Economy: An Integrated Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 430
Author(s):  
José Alberto Martínez-González ◽  
Eduardo Parra-López ◽  
Almudena Barrientos-Báez
Keyword(s):  
Social Norm ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Critical Variable ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Young Consumers ◽  
Intention To Participate

This paper aims to analyze the external and internal drivers of young consumers’ intention to participate in the sharing economy in tourism. From previous findings, a causal model (PLS) is designed to generate an integrated, practical, and novel structural model that significantly predicts the intention to participate. The model, consisting of nine dimensions, includes consumers’ external and internal variables. Separately, these variables have all been considered relevant in the literature, though they have not been studied jointly before. The descriptive results show the excellent attitude and predisposition of young people toward the tourism sharing economy, which facilitates their participation. Through the model, the importance of all internal and external consumer variables in the formation of intention are proven; however, attitude and social norm are most notable among them. Trust is also a critical variable that serves as the link between internal and external variables. The study provides managers of sharing economy platforms with knowledge to encourage young consumers’ participation in a communication and market orientation context. The generational approach (Generation Z) used also allows the conclusions and implications to be transferred to other regions and sectors.

Cyclopean Vision, Size Estimation, and Presence in Orthostereoscopic Images

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Harper ◽  
Richard Latto
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Psychophysical Experiment ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Human Form ◽  
Image Capture ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Abstract Shapes ◽  
And Control

Stereo scene capture and generation is an important facet of presence research in that stereoscopic images have been linked to naturalness as a component of reported presence. Three-dimensional images can be captured and presented in many ways, but it is rare that the most simple and “natural” method is used: full orthostereoscopic image capture and projection. This technique mimics as closely as possible the geometry of the human visual system and uses convergent axis stereography with the cameras separated by the human interocular distance. It simulates human viewing angles, magnification, and convergences so that the point of zero disparity in the captured scene is reproduced without disparity in the display. In a series of experiments, we have used this technique to investigate body image distortion in photographic images. Three psychophysical experiments compared size, weight, or shape estimations (perceived waist-hip ratio) in 2-D and 3-D images for the human form and real or virtual abstract shapes. In all cases, there was a relative slimming effect of binocular disparity. A well-known photographic distortion is the perspective flattening effect of telephoto lenses. A fourth psychophysical experiment using photographic portraits taken at different distances found a fattening effect with telephoto lenses and a slimming effect with wide-angle lenses. We conclude that, where possible, photographic inputs to the visual system should allow it to generate the cyclopean point of view by which we normally see the world. This is best achieved by viewing images made with full orthostereoscopic capture and display geometry. The technique can result in more-accurate estimations of object shape or size and control of ocular suppression. These are assets that have particular utility in the generation of realistic virtual environments.

scholarly journals Enzyme catalysis as a chain reaction

1991 ◽  
Vol 279 (3) ◽  
pp. 855-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
S E Szedlacsek ◽  
R G Duggleby ◽  
M O Vlad
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Kinetic Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
New Type ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Classical Mechanism

A new type of enzyme kinetic mechanism is suggested by which catalysis may be viewed as a chain reaction. A simple type of one-substrate/one-product reaction mechanism has been analysed from this point of view, and the kinetics, in both the transient and the steady-state phases, has been reconsidered. This analysis, as well as literature data and theoretical considerations, shows that the proposed model is a generalization of the classical ones. As a consequence of the suggested mechanism, the expressions, and in some cases even the significance of classical constants (Km and Vmax.), are altered. Moreover, this mechanism suggests that, between two successive enzyme-binding steps, more than one catalytic act could be accomplished. The reaction catalysed by alcohol dehydrogenase was analysed, and it was shown that this chain-reaction mechanism has a real contribution to the catalytic process, which could become exclusive under particular conditions. Similarly, the mechanism of glycogen phosphorylase is considered, and two partly modified versions of the classical mechanism are proposed. They account for both the existing experimental facts and suggest the possibility of chain-reaction pathways for any polymerase.

Vicariance, Complexity, Space

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-68
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Sport Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Orientation Course ◽  
Space Navigation ◽  
Action Process

The peculiar topic of this research - perspective taking and spatial navigation - has naturally led to cross over the course of the journey other spatial navigation comprehensions. Specifically, during prototype testing, there were several comparisons with another game, Catching Features1, an orienteering game that tackles the theme of space navigation from a different point of view. The point of view is that of Orienteering, a sports orientation course that consists in making a predefined path with the exclusive help of a compass and a topographic map that represents the details of the territory to be covered. The experimental path of this research has shown that cognitive processes involved in peculiar orienteering activities (map reading, spatial thinking) are also involved in the management of intersubjective relations, and make orienteering a sporting practice with considerable educational potential. This chapter develops by introducing the concept of vicariance, quickly describing orienteering as a sport activity, emphasizing links with Italian national guidelines for the first cycle of education, and, basing on revision of the scientific literature on cognitive processes involved in space navigation and the management of spatial reference systems, provides a proposal for the spread of orientation as an effective didactic practice in a training context aimed at inclusion of pupils Present Special Educational Needs. Paragraph 6.6 discusses the link between autism, empathy and perception – action process, according to neuroscientific evidences.

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