Athena Mattei

Author(s):

G. B. Waywell

Keyword(s):

Fourth Century ◽

Marble Statue ◽

The marble statue of a youthful Athena, which was once in the Mattei collection and is now in the Louvre in Paris, has long been regarded as a work of considerable beauty and charm (Plate 66a–c). It seems to be a copy of an original of the fourth century B.C., but because no other versions of the type are known there has been some hesitation in attributing it to a particular sculptural workshop.Within the last few years the Athena Mattei has emerged as one of the most important ancient copies in existence. For in 1959 a number of bronze statues were found by chance in Piraeus, and amongst them was a magnificent bronze Athena which appears to be the original from which the statue in the Louvre was copied (Plates 67, 68a). It is the purpose of this article to investigate the relationship between the two statues and to consider the implications regarding the date and authorship both of the marble copy and of the bronze original.

Fortuna in Translation, Fortuna as Translation

10.1093/oso/9780198786566.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Daniele Miano

Keyword(s):

Fourth Century ◽

Fifth Century ◽

Structural Elements ◽

Magna Graecia ◽

This chapter considers the relationship between Fortuna and Tyche as one of translatability. The first half of the chapter focuses on Tyche, with the aim of determining semantic and structural elements common with Fortuna. The second part of the chapter looks at instances in which Fortuna is translated in Greek. The appearance of bronze strigils bearing the epithet soteira from Praeneste in the fourth century BC seems to presuppose this translation, and also points to the salvific meanings of Fortuna as a base for the process of translation. This process of translation had probably occurred through early contacts between Latium, Sicily, and Magna Graecia, where Tyche seems to be associated with salvation already from the fifth century BC. Other instances of translations of Fortuna and Tyche are studied across the Aegean.

The Nature of Theology and the Extent of the Atonement

Perichoresis ◽

10.2478/perc-2018-0020 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 3-18

Author(s):

Stephen R. Holmes

Keyword(s):

Fourth Century ◽

Gregory Of Nyssa ◽

2 Corinthians ◽

Doctrine Of The Trinity ◽

Scriptural Exegesis ◽

Biblical Texts ◽

The Relationship ◽

English Baptist ◽

The Trinity

Abstract This article considers the post-Reformation debates over the extent of the Atonement. It traces the origins of these debates from the articles of the Arminian Remonstrance of 1610 through the declarations of the supporters of the Synod of Dort in 1618-19. The debate is then considered in relation to an English Baptist context, and specifically the exegetical dispute over the meaning of the word ‘all’ in 2 Corinthians 5:14-15 and Romans 3:23-4. Three options are examined and the various difficulties in arbitrating between these various interpretations. Recognising these difficulties, the article goes on to explore the relationship between scriptural exegesis and theology with reference to the formulation of the ecumenical doctrine of the Trinity in the fourth century. It argues that while theology should always attempt to be consistent with the exegetical data on occasion it proves inconclusive, as in the case of the debate over the extent of the atonement. In such cases the role of theology becomes one of mediation as it seeks a way of reading the texts of Scripture that allows them to be heard without contradicting each other. Again, this is illustrated from the fourth century and the Christology of Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nyssa. Returning to the question of atonement with this understanding of the task of theology the article seeks to propose a way to reconcile the biblical texts which speak of the atonement as both universal and limited.

Representations of Greek Tragedy in Ancient Pottery: a Theatrical Perspective

New Theatre Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s0266464x08000298 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 229-245

Author(s):

Christian M. Billing

Keyword(s):

Fourth Century ◽

Fifth Century ◽

Literary Texts ◽

Extensive Experience ◽

Ancient Pottery ◽

South Italy ◽

The Usa ◽

The Uk ◽

The University ◽

In this article, Christian M. Billing considers the relationship between representations of mythic narratives found on ancient pottery (primarily found at sites relating to the Greek colonies of south Italy in the fourth century BC, but also to certain vases found in Attica) and the tragic theatre of the fifth century BC. The author argues against the current resurgence in critical accounts that seek to connect such ceramics directly to performance of tragedies by the major tragedians: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Using five significant examples of what he considers to be errors of method in recent philologically inspired accounts of ancient pottery, Billing argues for a more nuanced approach to the interpretation of such artefacts – one that moves beyond an understanding of literary texts and art history towards a more performance-conscious approach, while also acknowledging that a multiplicity of spheres of artistic influence, drawn from a variety of artistic media, operated in the production and reception of such artefacts. Christian M. Billing is an academic and theatre practitioner working in the fields of ancient Athenian and early modern English and European drama. He has extensive experience as a director, designer, and actor, and has taught at a number of universities in the UK and the USA. He is currently Lecturer in Drama at the University of Hull.

Representations of Children in Ancient Greece

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.19 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Olympia Bobou

Keyword(s):

Material Culture ◽

Large Scale ◽

Ancient Greece ◽

Fourth Century ◽

Fifth Century ◽

Roman Period ◽

Hellenistic Period ◽

Vase Painting ◽

Funerary Reliefs ◽

Children’s representations appear early in the Greek visual material culture: first they appear in the large funerary vases of the geometric period, while in the archaic period they appear in funerary reliefs and vases. To the representations in vase painting, those in terracotta statuettes can be added in the fifth century, but it is in the fourth century bc that children become a noteworthy subject of representation, appearing both in small- and large-scale objects in different media. This chapter considers the relationship between changing imagery of children in ancient Greece and social and religious developments from the geometric period, through the Hellenistic period and into the Roman period in Greece.

Christology and Church-State Relations in the Fourth Century

Church History ◽

10.2307/3161874 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 3-26 ◽

Author(s):

George Huntston Williams

Keyword(s):

Fourth Century ◽

Political Struggle ◽

Cosmological Problem ◽

Church State Relations ◽

State Relations ◽

Relationship Of ◽

If we are correct in saying that for the Arians the relationship of the Logos-Son to the Father was primarily a cosmological problem and for the Catholics primarily a soteriological problem, we should be able to go on and point to corresponding differences in the liturgical ethos of the rival parties and more specifically to divergent conceptions and practices connected with the Eucharist, resulting from differing conceptions of the role of Logos-Son. We do find, despite the meagre materials on the Arian side, divergent emphases that will be seen to bear on the behavior of the two parties in the ecclesio-political struggle of the fourth century.

New evidence on the von Mercklin class of rhyta: a black-gloss rhyton from Agrileza, Laureion, Attica

The Annual of the British School at Athens ◽

10.1017/s0068245400005347 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 96 ◽

pp. 381-393 ◽

Author(s):

Susanne Ebbinghaus ◽

J. Ellis Jones

Keyword(s):

Fourth Century ◽

Rare Occurrence ◽

Silver Mine ◽

Relationship Of ◽

New Evidence ◽

From the 1997 excavations at a Lavrion silver-mine ore washery, Agrileza Compound B, datable to the fourth century BC, came a fragmentary black gloss ram head rhyton of the so-called von Mercklin Class. The rhyton from Agrileza is at present the only known example of this group with a well-defined archaeological context, and is therefore taken as the basis for a review of the regional and chronological attributions of von Mercklin rhyta in several European museums. A discussion of the relationship of these rhyta to the much more common and better known Attic red-figure animal-head vases sketches the background against which the rare occurrence of pouring vessels with animal foreparts in the repertoire of mainland Greek potters has to be seen.

Demokratia and Arete in Ancient Greek Political Thought

Polis The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought ◽

10.1163/20512996-90000184 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 181-215 ◽

Author(s):

John R. Wallach

Keyword(s):

Political Thought ◽

Fourth Century ◽

Fifth Century ◽

Ancient Greek ◽

Athenian Democracy ◽

Political Dimension ◽

Greek Culture ◽

History Of ◽

Three Stages ◽

This article interprets demokratia and arete as dynamically related terms of political thought in ancient Greek culture, from Homeric times to the end of the classical era. It does so selectively, identifying three stages in which this relationship is developed: (1) from the Homeric to archaic eras; (2) fifth-century Athenian democracy, in which demokratia and arete are posed as complementary terms; and (3) the fourth century era in which philosophers used virtue to critique democracy. Relying mostly on evidence from writers who have become benchmarks in the history of Western political thought, the argument emphasizes the inherently political dimension of arete during this period of ancient Greek culture. Noting different ways in which arete is related to political power in general and democracy in particular, it also illustrates the manner in which arete is neither philosophically pristine nor merely an instrument of practical power. The effect of the research contradicts traditional and recent readings of democracy and virtue as inherently antagonistic. The aim of the article is to identify ancient Greek contributions to understanding the potential, contingencies and dangers of the relationship between democracy (as a form of power) and virtue (as a form of ethics) — one which may benefit both democracy and virtue.

Britain and Ireland, 100–700 CE

The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199369041.013.31 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 601-622

Author(s):

David Petts

Keyword(s):

Roman Empire ◽

Material Culture ◽

Fourth Century ◽

Fifth Century ◽

Seventh Century ◽

Early Church ◽

Burial Rites ◽

Stone Carving ◽

Church Structures ◽

This chapter reviews the evidence for the archaeology of early Christianity in Britain and Ireland. Here, the church had its origins in the areas that lay within the Roman Empire in the fourth century but rapidly expanded north and west in the early fifth century following the end of Roman rule. The evidence for church structures is limited and often ambiguous, with securely identifiable sites not appearing to any extent until the seventh century. There is a range of material culture that can be linked to the early church from the fourth to the seventh centuries; in particular, there are strong traditions of epigraphy and increasingly decorative stone carving from most areas. The conversion to Christianity also impacted burial rites, although the relationship between belief and mortuary traditions is not a simple one.

The Christological Debates and the Miracles and Sufferings of Christ

Preaching Christology in the Roman Near East ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198826453.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 56-88

Author(s):

Philip Michael Forness

Keyword(s):

Fourth Century ◽

Sixth Century ◽

Roman Law ◽

Proper Understanding ◽

Cyril Of Alexandria ◽

History Of ◽

This chapter traces the history of the Christological language of the miracles and sufferings of Christ from the fourth through sixth centuries. Armenian, Coptic, Latin, Greek, and Syriac texts pair the miracles of Christ with the sufferings of Christ to express the relationship between his divinity and humanity. This pairing first appeared in Cappadocia in the late fourth century, but it became a source of controversy especially through Cyril of Alexandria and Nestorios of Constantinople’s disagreement. The presence of this phrase in Pope Leo I’s Tome led to further disagreements at the Council of Chalcedon in 451. The Emperor Zeno used this phrase in an imperial decree issued in 482, known as the Henotikon, and it would later be codified in Roman law through the Emperor Justinian I. Miaphysite leaders, including Jacob of Serugh, debated the proper understanding of Christology in reference to this phrase in the early sixth century.

The Influence of the Andalusi Muashah on the Troubadour Poetry

International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies ◽

10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.5n.4p.19 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Khaled S. Khalafat

Keyword(s):

Eleventh Century ◽

Fourth Century ◽

Literary Genres ◽

Southern France ◽

The Relationship ◽

Shed Light ◽

Troubadour Poetry

This study investigated the relationship between the Andalusi Muashah and the Troubadour that appeared in the eleventh century in southern France with the coexistence of the Arab Islamic presence in Andalusia where the Andalusi Muashah appeared in the fourth century AH. The study also examined the different perspectives about the origins of the Troubadour, and how the Andalusi Muashah reached this type of poetry. Besides, the present study further shed light on the structure of the Andalusi Muashah and the Troubadourian poems, thus presenting the overlapping between these two literary genres in terms of form, structure and divisions.