The Sharing of Radio Frequencies between Canada and the United States: the Case of AM Broadcasting

1982 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 123-160
Author(s):  
Sylvie J. Gravel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Radio Spectrum ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Broadcasting System ◽  
Radio Frequencies

SummaryBecause of the physical nature of the radio spectrum, the sharing of radio frequencies between Canada and the United States is a necessary but delicate process. Using the example of AM broadcasting, the purpose of this article is to give an overview of the bilateral agreements concluded between the two countries during the last sixty years. Multilateral conventions, as well as agreements and arrangements, are also reviewed in order to permit an adequate understanding of the evolution of the bilateral relation. The review of those conventions also indicates the legal principles applicable to the sharing of frequencies for broadcasting purposes.From the initial chaos to “first come, first served” and, finally, to the “a priori” planning of the spectrum, the relative situation of Canada vis-à-vis the United States gradually improves. It is through the negotiation of technical agreements that Canada can obtain access to a natural resource necessary for the expression of its national identity and using a broadcasting system of its own.

Patient Autonomy, Capacity, and Consent

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Donnelly ◽  
Jessica Berg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Human Rights Norms ◽  
Law And Legislation

This chapter explores a number of key issues: the role of competence and capacity, advance directives, and decisions made for others. It analyses the ways these are treated in the United States and in selected European jurisdictions. National-level capacity legislation and human rights norms play a central role in Europe, which means that healthcare decisions in situations of impaired capacity operate in accordance with a national standard. In the United States, the legal framework is more state-based (rather than federal), and the courts have played a significant role, with both common law and legislation varying considerably across jurisdictions. Despite these differences, this chapter identifies some similar legal principles which have developed.

scholarly journals Radio Spectrum Management and RFI in the United States

1991 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
R. Marcus Price
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Radio Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Management ◽  
Federal Communications Commission ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Body

ABSTRACTIn the United States, civil common carrier telecommunications are provided by private companies, not by any agency of the government. Regulation of these services and spectrum management oversight is provided by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), an agency of the government. Government telecommunications are operated by individual agencies, e.g. the Department of Defense, under the overall regulation of the Office of Spectrum Management of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), a government body separate from the FCC. In bands shared by the civil and government sectors, liaison and coordination is effected between the FCC and the NTIA.

scholarly journals (A231) Deficiencies in the Preparedness of Emergency Medical Services Providers for Terrorist Incidents Involving Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s63-s63
Author(s):  
M. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Emergency Medical Services ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Special Populations ◽  
Provider Education ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
Nationally Representative

IntroductionRecent studies have discussed major deficiencies in the preparedness of emergency medical services (EMS) providers to effectively respond to disasters, terrorism and other public health emergencies. Lack of funding, lack of national uniformity of systems and oversight, and lack of necessary education and training have all been cited as reasons for the inadequate emergency medical preparedness in the United States.MethodsA nationally representative sample of over 285,000 emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and Paramedics in the United States was surveyed to assess whether they had received training in pediatric considerations for blast and radiological incidents, as part of their initial provider education or in continuing medical education (CME) within the previous 24 months. Providers were also surveyed on their level of comfort in responding to and potentially treating pediatric victims of these events. Independent variables were entered into a multivariate model and those identified as statistically significant predictors of comfort were further analyzed.ResultsVery few variables in our model caused a statistically significant increase in comfort with events involving children in this sample. Pediatric considerations for blast or radiological events represented the lowest levels of comfort in all respondents. Greater than 70% of respondents reported no training as part of their initial provider education in considerations for pediatrics following blast events. Over 80% of respondents reported no training in considerations for pediatrics following events associated with radiation or radioactivity. 88% of respondents stated they were not comfortable with responding to or treating pediatric victims of a radiological incident.ConclusionsOut study validates our a priori hypothesis and several previous studies that suggest deficiencies in preparedness as they relate to special populations - specifically pediatrics. Increased education for EMS providers on the considerations of special populations during disasters and acts of terrorism, especially pediatrics, is essential in order to reduce pediatric-related morbidity and mortality following a disaster, act of terrorism or public health emergency.

scholarly journals The Dimensions of the US-China Trade War

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Mohamad Zreik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
China Trade ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Trade War

AbstractThe Chinese Ministry of Commerce issued a statement Friday morning, July 6, 2018, confirming the outbreak of a trade war between the United States and China. The statement came after the United States imposed tariffs on many Chinese goods, in violation of international and bilateral agreements, and the destruction of the concept of free trade which the United States calls for following it. It is a war of opposite directions, especially the contradiction between the new Trump policy and the Chinese approach. The proof is what US Defense Secretary James Matisse announced in Singapore in early June 2018 of “the full strategy of the new United States, in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific,” where China was the “sole enemy of the United States” in China’s geostrategic region. Intentions have become publicized, and trade war between the two economic giants is turning into a reality. This paper will give an overview of the US-China scenario of trade war, then a focused analysis on the Trump’s administration economic decision regarding China, and the consequences of this decision.

16. Trade Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 363-387
Author(s):  
Alasdair R. Young
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Multilateral Negotiations ◽  
The World ◽  
Integration Project ◽  
The Eu

This chapter introduces the importance of EU trade policy both to the European integration project and to the EU’s role in the world. It explains how different aspects of trade policy are made. The chapter also charts how the emphasis of EU trade policy has shifted from prioritizing multilateral negotiations to pursuing bilateral agreements. It considers how the EU has responded to the apparent politicization of trade policy within Europe and to the United States’ more protectionist and unilateral trade policy. It also considers Brexit EU trade policy and how trade policy complicated Brexit. It argues that there has been considerable continuity in EU trade policy despite these challenges.

The United States and the International Criminal Court: Avoiding Jurisdiction Through Bilateral Agreements in Reliance on Article 98

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Bogdan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Legislative History ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
General Obligation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Treaty Interpretation

AbstractState-parties to the International Criminal Court Statute have a general obligation to cooperate with the Court. The duty to cooperate represents the functional cornerstone of the Court's existence. A narrow exception to this duty is contained in Article 98 of the Statute, which provides for limited circumstances in which the Court must refrain from seeking a surrender of an individual to the Court. Following rules of treaty interpretation, as well as an examination of the legislative history of the ICC Statute, the article explores the scope of Article 98, the provision the United States relied on in concluding a series of bilateral agreements that are primarily aimed at preventing the surrender of any U.S. nationals to the ICC. The article considers the issue of what impact, if any, the agreements have in the context of extradition, and the U.S.' legal ability to fulfill the commitments made in the "Article 98" agreements.

Radio Journalism: An Annotated Bibliography

1946 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-201
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Council ◽  
Ohio University ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
University Of Iowa ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Emory University ◽  
Broadcasting System ◽  
The University

This bibliography was prepared by a committee of the National Council on Radio Journalism, with the aid of a number of specialists. Cooperating in the work were Miss Gertrude G. Broderick, of the United States Office of Education; Mitchell V. Charnley, of the University of Minnesota; Fred S. Siebert and Frank Schooley, of the University of Illinois; Kenneth Bardett, of Syracuse University; Karl Krauskopf and Paul Wagner, of Ohio University; Floyd Baskette, of Emory University; Paul White, of the Columbia Broadcasting System; Arthur M. Barnes and Wilbur Schramm, of the University of Iowa. Dr. Schramm was chairman of the committee.

scholarly journals Are STEM Faculty Biased Against Female Applicants? A Robust Replication and Extension of Moss-Racusin and Colleagues (2012)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Honeycutt ◽  
Lee Jussim ◽  
Akeela Careem ◽  
Neil Anthony Lewis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
High Power ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
Stem Faculty

In a seminal study investigating gender bias in academic science, Moss-Racusin et al. (2012) found bias against female lab manager applicants with respect to competence, hireability, mentoring, and salary conferral. This topic will be revisited through four studies--two direct replications, one extension, and a meta-analysis. The present set of studies, all using the same methods and materials as the original, will sample from a larger and broader pool of faculty, collectively representing the breadth of STEM disciplines at R1 universities across the United States. The proposed studies will have high power to detect smaller effect sizes than in the original. Furthermore, a priori criteria have been explicitly articulated for what will be accepted as hypothesis confirmation and replication, and for evidence of gender bias. The pre-registered data analysis plans will provide a strong test assessing the replicability of Moss-Racusin et al. (2012)’s finding that STEM faculty were biased against women who applied for a lab manager position.

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