scholarly journals The Role of Dust in Producing the Cosmic Infrared Background

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 ◽  
pp. 389-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Dwek
Keyword(s):  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Spectral Shape ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Extragalactic Background Light ◽  
General Role ◽  
Infrared Background ◽  
Infrared Intensity ◽  
Cosmic Infrared Background ◽  
The Many

The extragalactic background light (EBL), exclusive of the cosmic microwave background, consists of the cumulative radiative output from all energy sources in the universe since the epoch of recombination. Most of this energy is released at ultraviolet and optical wavelengths. However, observations show that a significant fraction of the EBL falls in the 10 to 1000 μm wavelength regime. This provides conclusive evidence that we live in a dusty universe, since only dust can efficiently absorbs a significant fraction of the background energy and reemit it at infrared wavelengths. The general role of dust in forming the cosmic infrared background (CIB) is therefore obvious. However, its role in determining the exact spectral shape of the CIB is quite complex. The CIB spectrum depends on the microscopic physical properties of the dust, its composition, abundance, and spatial distribution relative to the emitting sources, and its response to evolutionary processes that can modify all the factors listed above. This paper will present a brief summary of the many ways dust affects the intensity and spectral shape of the cosmic infrared background. In an Appendix we present new limits on the mid-infrared intensity of the CIB using TeV γ-ray observations of Mrk 501.

scholarly journals Cosmic Infrared Background Experiment (CIBER): A Probe of Extragalactic Background Light from Reionization

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asantha Cooray ◽  
Jamie Bock ◽  
Mitsunobu Kawada ◽  
Brian Keating ◽  
Dae-Hee Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extragalactic Background Light ◽  
Background Light ◽  
Infrared Background ◽  
Cosmic Infrared Background

scholarly journals Cosmic Infrared Background ExpeRiment (CIBER): A probe of Extragalactic Background Light from reionization

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (S284) ◽  
pp. 482-488
Author(s):  
Asantha Cooray ◽  
Jamie Bock ◽  
Mitsunobu Kawada ◽  
Brian Keating ◽  
Andrew Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Band ◽  
Narrow Band Imaging ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Extragalactic Background Light ◽  
Imaging Spectrometer ◽  
Zodiacal Cloud ◽  
Spectroscopy Experiment ◽  
Infrared Background ◽  
Cosmic Infrared Background ◽  
Imaging And Spectroscopy

AbstractThe Cosmic Infrared Background ExpeRiment (CIBER) is a rocket-borne absolute photometry imaging and spectroscopy experiment optimized to detect signatures of first-light galaxies present during reionization in the unresolved IR background. CIBER-I consists of a wide-field two-color camera for fluctuation measurements, a low-resolution absolute spectrometer for absolute EBL measurements, and a narrow-band imaging spectrometer to measure and correct scattered emission from the foreground zodiacal cloud. CIBER-I was successfully flown in February 2009 and July 2010 and four more flights are planned by 2014, including an upgrade (CIBER-II). We propose, after several additional flights of CIBER-I, an improved CIBER-II camera consisting of a wide-field 30 cm imager operating in 4 bands between 0.5 and 2.1 microns. It is designed for a high significance detection of unresolved IR background fluctuations at the minimum level necessary for reionization. With a FOV 50 to 2000 times larger than existing IR instruments on satellites, CIBER-II will carry out the definitive study to establish the surface density of sources responsible for reionization.

scholarly journals Role of Molecular Chaperones in G Protein β5/Regulator of G Protein Signaling Dimer Assembly and G Protein βγ Dimer Specificity

2009 ◽  
Vol 284 (24) ◽  
pp. 16386-16399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyson C. Howlett ◽  
Amy J. Gray ◽  
Jesse M. Hunter ◽  
Barry M. Willardson
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Molecular Chaperones ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
G Protein Signaling ◽  
Protein Signaling ◽  
General Role ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dependent Mechanism

The G protein βγ subunit dimer (Gβγ) and the Gβ5/regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) dimer play fundamental roles in propagating and regulating G protein pathways, respectively. How these complexes form dimers when the individual subunits are unstable is a question that has remained unaddressed for many years. In the case of Gβγ, recent studies have shown that phosducin-like protein 1 (PhLP1) works as a co-chaperone with the cytosolic chaperonin complex (CCT) to fold Gβ and mediate its interaction with Gγ. However, it is not known what fraction of the many Gβγ combinations is assembled this way or whether chaperones influence the specificity of Gβγ dimer formation. Moreover, the mechanism of Gβ5-RGS assembly has yet to be assessed experimentally. The current study was undertaken to directly address these issues. The data show that PhLP1 plays a vital role in the assembly of Gγ2 with all four Gβ1–4 subunits and in the assembly of Gβ2 with all twelve Gγ subunits, without affecting the specificity of the Gβγ interactions. The results also show that Gβ5-RGS7 assembly is dependent on CCT and PhLP1, but the apparent mechanism is different from that of Gβγ. PhLP1 seems to stabilize the interaction of Gβ5 with CCT until Gβ5 is folded, after which it is released to allow Gβ5 to interact with RGS7. These findings point to a general role for PhLP1 in the assembly of all Gβγ combinations and suggest a CCT-dependent mechanism for Gβ5-RGS7 assembly that utilizes the co-chaperone activity of PhLP1 in a unique way.

scholarly journals How Much of Me Do I See in Other Minds? Modulating Egocentricity in Emotion Judgments by tDCS

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Anne Weigand ◽  
Irene Trilla ◽  
Lioba Enk ◽  
Garret O’Connell ◽  
Kristin Prehn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Study ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
General Role ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
The Right

When inferring the mental states of others, individuals’ judgments are influenced by their own state of mind, an effect often referred to as egocentricity. Self–other differentiation is key for an accurate interpretation of other’s mental states, especially when these differ from one’s own states. It has been suggested that the right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG) is causally involved in overcoming egocentricity in the affective domain. In a double-blind randomized study, 47 healthy adults received anodal (1 mA, 20 min) or sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the rSMG prior to performing a newly developed paradigm, the self–other facial emotion judgment (SOFE) task. In this task, participants made judgments of facial emotional expressions while having been previously confronted with congruent or incongruent emotion-inducing situations. To differentiate between emotional and cognitive egocentricity, participants additionally completed an established visual perspective-taking task. Our results confirmed the occurrence of emotional egocentric biases during the SOFE task. No conclusive evidence of a general role of the rSMG in emotional egocentricity was found. However, active as compared to sham tDCS induced descriptively lower egocentric biases when judging incongruent fearful faces, and stronger biases when judging incongruent happy faces, suggesting emotion-specific tDCS effects on egocentric biases. Further, we found significant tDCS effects on cognitive egocentricity. Results of the present study expanded our understanding of emotional egocentricity and point towards emotion-specific patterns of the underlying functionality.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

The future role of the psychiatrist in Europe – a UEMS perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
M. Hermans
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Future Role ◽  
Personal Opinion ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

SummaryThe author presents his personal opinion inviting to discussion on the possible future role of psychiatrists. His view is based upon the many contacts with psychiatrists all over Europe, academicians and everyday professionals, as well as the familiarity with the literature. The list of papers referred to is based upon (1) the general interest concerning the subject when representing ideas also worded elsewhere, (2) the accessibility to psychiatrists and mental health professionals in Germany, (3) being costless downloadable for non-subscribers and (4) for some geographic aspects (e.g. Belgium, Spain, Sweden) and the latest scientific issues, addressing some authors directly.

John Cranko's Antigone (1959): A Ballet Lost and Found

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Henrietta Bannerman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jean Racine ◽  
World War ◽  
Martha Graham ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Lost And Found ◽  
The Many ◽  
Tragic Drama ◽  
The Relationship

John Cranko's dramatic and theatrically powerful Antigone (1959) disappeared from the ballet repertory in 1966 and this essay calls for a reappraisal and restaging of the work for 21st century audiences. Created in a post-World War II environment, and in the wake of appearances in London by the Martha Graham Company and Jerome Robbins’ Ballets USA, I point to American influences in Cranko's choreography. However, the discussion of the Greek-themed Antigone involves detailed consideration of the relationship between the ballet and the ancient dramas which inspired it, especially as the programme notes accompanying performances emphasised its Sophoclean source but failed to recognise that Cranko mainly based his ballet on an early play by Jean Racine. As Antigone derives from tragic drama, the essay investigates catharsis, one of the many principles that Aristotle delineated in the Poetics. This well-known effect is produced by Greek tragedies but the critics of the era complained about its lack in Cranko's ballet – views which I challenge. There is also an investigation of the role of Antigone, both in the play and in the ballet, and since Cranko created the role for Svetlana Beriosova, I reflect on memories of Beriosova's interpretation supported by more recent viewings of Edmée Wood's 1959 film.

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