Rates of Return to Agricultural Research and Extension in the Southern Region

The interregional transfer of agricultural research results has long been recognized by sociologists and economists [10, pp. 524–526]. The first major economic study in this area was reported in 1957 by Griliches [7]. However, many economists have failed to account for this type of transfer in estimating rates of return for agricultural research investment at the state level. A possible explanation for the failure to account for this transfer is that many analyses at the state level are modeled after national studies. Though researchers estimating a national rate of return may not feel a need to account for interregional transfers, these transfers clearly cannot be ignored at the state or regional levels. Latimer and Paarlberg [9] and Bauer and Hancock [2] estimated aggregate production functions for states and had difficulty finding a statistically significant relationship between research expenditures within the state and agricultural output. Bauer and Hancock finally estimated a lagged relationship that is in conflict with other conceptual and empirical models. Latimer and Paarlberg concluded that research is so pervasive that there are no measurable differences in levels of farm income attributable to differences in research inputs by states [9, p. 239]. More recently, Bredahl and Peterson [3] examined the differences in rates of return to cash crops, dairy, poultry, and livestock research among states. These estimates are appropriate if agricultural research results are limited by state boundaries. The interregional transfer of agricultural research results needs to be taken into account in estimating the returns to agricultural research at a regional level.

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Estimating Returns to Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching at the State Level

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s0081305200016605 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 121-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

George W. Norton ◽

Joseph D. Coffey ◽

E. Berrier Frye

Keyword(s):

Ridge Regression ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

State Level ◽

The State ◽

Public Funds

AbstractThe majority of decisions concerning investment and allocation of public funds for agricultural research, extension, and teaching (RET) are made at the state-level, while most of the quantitative RET evaluations are made on a national basis. This paper illustrates an approach for conducting a disaggregated state-level evaluation of agricultural research, extension, and teaching. Ridge regression is employed to handle multicollinearity problems.

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Valuing State-Level Funding for Research: Results for Florida

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s1074070800022148 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 169-183

Author(s):

Charles B. Moss

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Research ◽

Economic Value ◽

Public Funding ◽

Agricultural Productivity ◽

State Level ◽

Productivity Index ◽

Farm Income ◽

Land Values ◽

Cash Income ◽

Productivity Gains

This study analyzes the value of agricultural research to Florida by examining the effect of research spending on agricultural productivity, as measured by a total factor productivity index, and profitability, as measured by net farm income. Results suggest that research expenditures do increase agricultural productivity in the state. However, agricultural productivity does not affect net cash income. Further, the economic rents to the productivity gains do not accrue to land values. Instead, the economic value of research innovations accrues more to consumers than to producers. Thus, consumers are the ultimate beneficiaries of agricultural research in Florida, thereby justifying public funding for agricultural research.

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A Note on the Measurement of Spillovers of Agricultural Research Results

Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council ◽

10.1017/s0163548400003988 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 127-130

Author(s):

Joseph Havlicek ◽

Fred C. White

Keyword(s):

Federal Government ◽

Financial Support ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Social Benefits ◽

Research Results ◽

Research Expenditures ◽

State Expenditures

Three measures of agricultural research spillovers considered entail estimates based on (1) level of agricultural research expenditures, (2) marginal products of agricultural research and extension expenditures, and (3) marginal products of agricultural research and extension expenditures weighted by the level of agricultural research expenditures.The methods produce diverse spillovers but results indicate that spillovers generally exceed regional benefits attributable to a region's investment in agricultural research and extension. Also, ratios of spillovers to regional benefits exceed ratios of federal to state expenditures on agricultural research suggesting potential social benefits from additional financial support of agricultural research by the federal government.

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Interregional Transfer of Agricultural Research Results: The Case of the Northeast

Journal of the Northeastern Agricultural Economics Council ◽

10.1017/s0163548400003769 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 19-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joseph Havlicek ◽

Fred C. White

Keyword(s):

Production Function ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Internal Rate Of Return ◽

Rates Of Return ◽

Research Results ◽

Time Period ◽

Hired Labor ◽

State Expenditures ◽

The U.S

The contribution of research to agricultural production is measured by estimating a production function which includes variables to reflect conventional inputs as well as agricultural research. Conventional inputs considered are hired labor, feed and livestock, seed and fertilizer, and capital and depreciation. Investment in agricultural research and extension within the region and investment in agricultural research in other production regions of the U.S. are included in the production function. Marginal products and internal rates of return axe derived for the own region and outside-the-region investments in agricultural research.The empirical results indicate that sane agricultural production regions have a greater capacity for exporting agricultural research results while some have a greater capacity for importing agricultural research results from other production regions. Of the ten agricultural production regions of the U.S., the Northeast had the lowest marginal product per dollar invested in agricultural research during the 1977–81 period and the lowest internal rate of return to investment in agricultural research. For the same time period the average annual spillovers from the Northeast were approximately 3.3 times as large as the average annual regional benefit and the spillovers from the Northeast were about 2.3 times as large as the spill-ins into the Northeast region. The ratio of federal to state expenditures on agricultural research in the Northeast was 1.03 and compared to a ratio of spillover's to regional benefits of 3.3 suggests that the Northeast does not fare well in terms of federal support of agricultural research benefiting other regions of the U.S.

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Reconciling gross farm income and product at the state level

The Annals of Regional Science ◽

10.1007/bf01287773 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 107-111

Author(s):

Wilford L. L'Esperance ◽

David Schutter

Keyword(s):

State Level ◽

The State ◽

Farm Income

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The Project of the Bioenergetic Agroecosystems Science Park

Agricultural science and practice ◽

10.15407/agrisp1.03.050 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 50-56

Author(s):

O. Kozachenko

Keyword(s):

Social Issues ◽

State Level ◽

Pilot Project ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Financial Economic ◽

Legal Aspects ◽

The State ◽

Information Support ◽

Science Park ◽

Research Results

A great number of novel Ukrainian technologies are used by industrial and commercial structures with the vio- lation of intellectual property rights of their authors. There are about 10 managers per one promising scientifi c idea in the developed countries, while this proportion is inverse for Ukraine: on average there is one manager per ten ideas. As a result less than 4 % of Ukrainian enterprises are active innovation-wise and over 80 % of scientifi c and technical products are non-demanded. This situation is conditioned by the development specifi ci- ties of the domestic market economy, based on trade and fi nancial transactions instead of research intensity of the production. The current state of things does not meet the requirements of the innovation-driven growth and makes wide use of modern scientifi c achievement in the agriculture impossible. Aim. To study current prob- lems of introducing the promising technological solutions into the agriculture. To recommend the mechanism of transferring scientifi c research results into production using the example of Bioenergetic Agroecosystems pilot project. To suggest the scheme of coordinating the interests of economic entities while introducing scien- tifi c research results into the production. Methods. The following approaches were used to achieve the above- mentioned aims: abstract and logical method, synthesis, analysis, and induction methods. Results. Financial, economic, and legal aspects of the innovation market were considered. Based on the domestic and foreign ana- logues of establishing the existing science parks, the mechanism of transferring scientifi c research and devel- opment in the agrarian science into production was presented. The Bioenergetic Agroecosystems pilot project was used to suggest the industrial and organizational structure of the science park. The scheme of coordinating the interests of scientifi c research institutions, the agricultural producers and the state in the development of the market of innovation products in the agrarian sector of economy was elaborated. Conclusions. The realization of novel scientifi c decisions in the production should be provided by the following means: operating mecha- nisms of their stimulation on the state level, the improvement in the qualifi cation level of scientists towards the transfer of scientifi c research and development and the elaboration of the communication infrastructure in the information support of the industry. The creation of a science park is the way of uniting the scientifi c and industrial potential into the single system of effi cient ecological land use and the example of solving economic, ecological and social issues.

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Medicaid 101: A Primer for Speech-Language Pathologists in Education Settings

Perspectives on School-Based Issues ◽

10.1044/sbi12.1.3 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 3-11

Author(s):

Janet Deppe ◽

Marie Ireland

Keyword(s):

State Level ◽

The State ◽

Speech Language Pathologists ◽

Inspector General ◽

Medical Necessity ◽

School Settings ◽

Speech Language Pathologist ◽

School Based ◽

Emerging Trends

This paper will provide the school-based speech-language pathologist (SLP) with an overview of the federal requirements for Medicaid, including provider qualifications, “under the direction of” rule, medical necessity, and covered services. Billing, documentation, and reimbursement issues at the state level will be examined. A summary of the findings of the Office of Inspector General audits of state Medicaid plans is included as well as what SLPs need to do in order to ensure that services are delivered appropriately. Emerging trends and advocacy tools will complete the primer on Medicaid services in school settings.

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