Diversity associations as stochastic variables

Paleobiology ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Real World ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Gas Laws ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Independent Variable

Diversity data from stochastic phylogenies and from uniformly spaced Gaussian curves were subjected to Q-mode factor analysis in order to determine whether a few factors would account for a large percentage of the original variance. In both analyses, a small number of factors show systematic variations in time and account for more than 90% of original data variance. To further study the question of evolutionary pulsations, turnover rates were calculated between successive samples. These turnover rates indicate that stochastic phylogenies have pulses similar to those recorded in the fossil record. Large scale environmental changes are not required to explain such pulses. Therefore the observed existence in the real world of biologic diversity associations and evolutionary pulsations can as equally well be accounted for in a stochastic world (in which each species is an independent variable) as in a deterministic world. This supports the notion that there may be stochastic laws in paleontology akin to the gas laws of chemistry.

Large-Scale Data Storage Scheme in Blockchain Ledger Using IPFS and NoSQL

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-116
Author(s):  
Randhir Kumar ◽  
Rakesh Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Storage Model ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Efficient Storage ◽  
Storage Scheme ◽  
Scale Data

The future applications of blockchain are expected to serve millions of users. To provide variety of services to the users, using underlying technology has to consider large-scale storage and assessment behind the scene. Most of the current applications of blockchain are working either on simulators or via small blockchain network. However, the storage issue in the real world is unpredictable. To address the issue of large-scale data storage, the authors have introduced the data storage scheme in blockchain (DSSB). The storage model executes behind the blockchain ledger to store large-scale data. In DSSB, they have used hybrid storage model using IPFS and MongoDB(NoSQL) in order to provide efficient storage for large-scale data in blockchain. In this storage model, they have maintained the content-addressed hash of the transactions on blockchain network to ensure provenance. In DSSB, they are storing the original data (large-scale data) into MongoDB and IPFS. The DSSB model not only provides efficient storage of large-scale data but also provides storage size reduction of blockchain ledger.

scholarly journals The contribution of object size, manipulability, and stability on neural responses to inanimate objects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Magri ◽  
Talia Konkle ◽  
Alfonso Caramazza
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Real World ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
List Type ◽  
Small Object ◽  
Object Size ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Large Object

AbstractIn human occipitotemporal cortex, brain responses to depicted inanimate objects have a large-scale organization by real-world object size. Critically, the size of objects in the world is systematically related to behaviorally-relevant properties: small objects are often grasped and manipulated (e.g., forks), while large objects tend to be less motor-relevant (e.g., tables), though this relationship does not always have to be true (e.g., picture frames and wheelbarrows). To determine how these two dimensions interact, we measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants viewed a stimulus set of small and large objects with either low or high motor-relevance. The results revealed that the size organization was evident for objects with both low and high motor-relevance; further, a motor-relevance map was also evident across both large and small objects. Targeted contrasts revealed that typical combinations (small motor-relevant vs. large non-motor-relevant) yielded more robust topographies than the atypical covariance contrast (small non-motor-relevant vs. large motor-relevant). In subsequent exploratory analyses, a factor analysis revealed that the construct of motor-relevance was better explained by two underlying factors: one more related to manipulability, and the other to whether an object moves or is stable. The factor related to manipulability better explained responses in lateral small-object preferring regions, while the factor related to object stability (lack of movement) better explained responses in ventromedial large-object preferring regions. Taken together, these results reveal that the structure of neural responses to objects of different sizes further reflect behavior-relevant properties of manipulability and stability, and contribute to a deeper understanding of some of the factors that help the large-scale organization of object representation in high-level visual cortex.Highlights-Examined the relationship between real-world size and motor-relevant properties in the structure of responses to inanimate objects.-Large scale topography was more robust for contrast that followed natural covariance of small motor-relevant vs. large non-motor-relevant, over contrast that went against natural covariance.-Factor analysis revealed that manipulability and stability were, respectively, better explanatory predictors of responses in small- and large-object regions.

Crises and extinction in the fossil record—a role for ultraviolet radiation?

Paleobiology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Cockell
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Initial Drop ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Stratospheric Dust ◽  
Impact Events

AbstractA number of natural events can cause ozone depletion, including asteroid and comet impacts, large-scale volcanism involving the stratospheric injection of chlorine, and close cosmic events such as supernovae. These events have previously been postulated to have been sole or contributory causes of mass extinctions. Following such events, UV-B radiation would have been elevated at the surface of the earth. The possibilities for detecting elevated UV-B as a kill mechanism in the fossil record are discussed. In the case of impact events and large-scale volcanism, the taxa affected by increases in UV-B radiation are likely to be similar to those affected by cooling and by the initial drop in irradiance caused by stratospheric dust injection. Thus UV-B may synergistically exacerbate the effects of these other environmental changes and contribute to stress in the biosphere, although UV-B alone is unlikely to cause a mass extinction. By the same token, however, this similarity in affected taxa is likely to make delineating the involvement of UV-B radiation in the fossil record more difficult. Cosmic events such as supernovae may produce smaller extinction events, but ones that are “cleaner” UV catastrophes without the involvement of other environmental changes.

1588-P: Therapy Trends in Initial 6 Months of the First Large-Scale Longitudinal Nationwide Study on Management and Real-World Outcomes of Diabetes in India (LANDMARC)

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1588-P ◽  
Author(s):  
ROMIK GHOSH ◽  
ASHOK K. DAS ◽  
AMBRISH MITHAL ◽  
SHASHANK JOSHI ◽  
K.M. PRASANNA KUMAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nationwide Study

2258-PUB: Impact of Cardiovascular (CV) Risk Factors during the Initial 6 Months of the First Large-Scale Longitudinal Nationwide Study on Management and Real-World Outcomes of Diabetes in India (LANDMARC)

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2258-PUB
Author(s):  
ROMIK GHOSH ◽  
ASHOK K. DAS ◽  
SHASHANK JOSHI ◽  
AMBRISH MITHAL ◽  
K.M. PRASANNA KUMAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nationwide Study

scholarly journals The graph neural networking challenge

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
José Suárez-Varela ◽  
Miquel Ferriol-Galmés ◽  
Albert López ◽  
Paul Almasan ◽  
Guillermo Bernárdez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Networks ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Broad Audience

During the last decade, Machine Learning (ML) has increasingly become a hot topic in the field of Computer Networks and is expected to be gradually adopted for a plethora of control, monitoring and management tasks in real-world deployments. This poses the need to count on new generations of students, researchers and practitioners with a solid background in ML applied to networks. During 2020, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has organized the "ITU AI/ML in 5G challenge", an open global competition that has introduced to a broad audience some of the current main challenges in ML for networks. This large-scale initiative has gathered 23 different challenges proposed by network operators, equipment manufacturers and academia, and has attracted a total of 1300+ participants from 60+ countries. This paper narrates our experience organizing one of the proposed challenges: the "Graph Neural Networking Challenge 2020". We describe the problem presented to participants, the tools and resources provided, some organization aspects and participation statistics, an outline of the top-3 awarded solutions, and a summary with some lessons learned during all this journey. As a result, this challenge leaves a curated set of educational resources openly available to anyone interested in the topic.

Past testate amoeba communities in landslide mountain fens (Polish Carpathians): The relationship between shell types and sediment

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362199464
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Marcisz ◽  
Krzysztof Buczek ◽  
Mariusz Gałka ◽  
Włodzimierz Margielewski ◽  
Matthieu Mulot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Testate Amoebae ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Testate Amoeba ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Depth To Water Table ◽  
Polish Carpathians ◽  
The Relationship

Landslide mountain fens formed in landslide depressions are dynamic environments as their development is disturbed by a number of factors, for example, landslides, slopewash, and surface run-off. These processes lead to the accumulation of mineral material and wood in peat. Disturbed peatlands are interesting archives of past environmental changes, but they may be challenging for providing biotic proxy-based quantitative reconstructions. Here we investigate long-term changes in testate amoeba communities from two landslide mountain fens – so far an overlooked habitat for testate amoeba investigations. Our results show that abundances of testate amoebae are extremely low in this type of peatlands, therefore not suitable for providing quantitative depth-to-water table reconstructions. However, frequent shifts of dominant testate amoeba species reflect dynamic lithological situation of the studied fens. We observed that high and stable mineral matter input into the peatlands was associated with high abundances of species producing agglutinated (xenosomic) as well as idiosomic shells which prevailed in the testate amoeba communities in both analyzed profiles. This is the first study that explores testate amoebae of landslide mountain fens in such detail, providing novel information about microbial communities of these ecosystems.

scholarly journals Impact of the municipal merger on watershed management: a study of Lake Kasumigaura, Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Mizunoya ◽  
Noriko Nozaki ◽  
Rajeev Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Watershed Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Pollution Reduction ◽  
Lake Kasumigaura ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn the early 2000s, Japan instituted the Great Heisei Consolidation, a national strategy to promote large-scale municipal mergers. This study analyzes the impact that this strategy could have on watershed management. We select the Lake Kasumigaura Basin, the second largest lake in Japan, for the case study and construct a dynamic expanded input–output model to simulate the ecological system around the Lake, the socio-environmental changes over the period, and their mutual dependency for the period 2012–2020. In the model, we regulate and control the following water pollutants: total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand. The results show that a trade-off between economic activity and the environment can be avoided within a specific range of pollution reduction, given that the prefectural government implements optimal water environment policies, assuming that other factors constraining economic growth exist. Additionally, municipal mergers are found to significantly reduce the budget required to improve the water environment, but merger budget efficiency varies nonlinearly with the reduction rate. Furthermore, despite the increase in financial efficiency from the merger, the efficiency of installing domestic wastewater treatment systems decreases drastically beyond a certain pollution reduction level and eventually reaches a limit. Further reductions require direct regulatory instruments in addition to economic policies, along with limiting the output of each industry. Most studies on municipal mergers apply a political, administrative, or financial perspective; few evaluate the quantitative impact of municipal mergers on the environment and environmental policy implications. This study addresses these gaps.

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