Is there a role for extraretinal factors in the maintenance of stability in a structured environment?

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Chekaluk
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
The World ◽  
Calibration Solution ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Perceptual Factors

The calibration solution to the stability of the world despite eye movements depends, according to Bridgeman et al., upon a combination of three factors which presumably all need to operate to achieve the goal of stability. Although the authors admit (sect. 4.3, para. 5) that the relative contributions of retinal and extraretinal factors will depend on the particular viewing situation, Figure 5 (sect. 4.3) makes it clear in its representation that the role of perceptual factors is relatively minor compared to extraretinal ones. It is with this representation that this commentary wishes to take issue, believing that it occurs as a result of some assumptions about terminology that may be ambiguous, as well as some misconceptions about the circumstances in which there is a need for stability.

Shifting and sharing adjustment burdens: the role of the industrial food importing nations

1978 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-677
Author(s):  
Robert L. Paarlberg
Keyword(s):  
Food System ◽  
Food Policy ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
World Food ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Stability

Too often world food problems are viewed as North-South problems, as matters to be resolved between rich and poor. In fact, most world food trade takes place entirely among the rich. The industrial nations of the European Community, Japan, and the USSR import more food today than all of the poor countries combined. These industrial food importing nations make a dubious contribution to the stability and security of the world food system. In different measure, they seek to shift adjustment burdens onto others, to enjoy something of a free ride. All have subsidized production for export in times of world surplus, and all have stepped ahead of poor countries to purchase high priced imports in times of scarcity. To these burden-shifting trade policies, the USSR in particular adds its own troublesome nonparticipation in most multilateral efforts at world food policy management. Prospects for improved burden sharing in the future are dim. Fortunately, the world food system still gains most of its stability and security from separate production decisions within nations, rather than from collective storage, trade, or aid decisions among nations.

The main trends in the development of export credit agencies in the world

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 2033-2049
Author(s):  
Hasan S. UMAROV
Keyword(s):  
Export Credit ◽  
State Support ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
Trading System ◽  
The World ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Export Credits ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Export Credit Agencies

Subject. This article discusses the features and trends in the development of export credit agencies (ECA) in the world in the context of increasing competition of manufacturers for market share. Objectives. The article aims to show the peculiarities of the ECA's activities, reveal new aspects of their operation in modern conditions, and substantiate the need to change the international agreement in the field of export crediting and insurance. Methods. For the study, I used the comparative, statistical, and formal and logical methods. Results. The article shows the key role of ECA as an institution of State support for exports and a guarantor of the stability of the international trading system. It also finds that increased competition from Chinese and other ECAs that are not subject to the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits – OECD rules, as well as the expanded role of ECA during the pandemic, necessitate uniform approaches to State support for exports of domestic producers at the WTO level. Conclusions. ECAs’ support remains one of the effective tools in implementing the State foreign economic policy and increasing the international competitiveness of certain sectors of the economy. The need to improve international rules on export credit and insurance to ensure the stability and sustainable development of international trade is becoming increasingly apparent.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SPHERE IN THE CONTEXT OF FOOD SECURITY

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Volodymyrivna Derii Zhanna ◽  
Vasylovych Koval Viktor ◽  
Oleksandrivna Sedikova Iryna
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Equal Access ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Market ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Access To Food

The importance of food security in the world countries is explored. The food security of the country is characterized by the stability, efficiency and stability of the agro-industrial complex and its ability to respond promptly to changes in demand and supply in the food market; level of transitional grain stocks; solvency of the population, in order to ensure equal access to food for all segments of the population; reduction of import dependence

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 NSP-12 mutations survey during the pandemic in the world

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sogol Mazhari ◽  
Helia Alavifard ◽  
Karim Rahimian ◽  
Zohreh Karimi ◽  
Mohammadamin Mahmanzar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
The World ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Python Programming

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the beta coronavirus family responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome pandemic. The infection first emerged in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread worldwide. The ongoing outbreak has posed an urgent worldwide health threat due to the rapid transmittable potential and high mortality rate. Due to the critical role of none structural protein − 12 (NSP-12) in COVID-19. This study tries to investigate the link between genotype-phenotype NSP-12 variation and the prevalence of this disease. Methods We analyzed approximately 2 million Nsp12 of SARS-CoV-2 protein sequence from January 2020 until June 2021. Python programming language was utilized to preprocess and apply inclusion criteria on FASTA files to prepare a list of suitable samples for clustering samples. NSP-12 regions were aligned to the reference sequence to compare and identify mutation patterns, categorized based on frequency and continent. Results The rate of ‌NSP-12 mutation in divided geographical areas was different. Based on continental studies, the P227L and G671S mutations have multiplied over time and in European and Asian societies in recent months. According to biochemical studies, the occurrence of G671S mutation increases the stability of the protein. Conclusion We concluded that NSP-12 P227L and G671S mutations in SARS-CoV-2 are increased in recent months. Further studies will be required to investigate whether these mutations impact the severity of the disease.

scholarly journals Terrorism and Politico-Religious Extremism in Pakistan Post 9/11

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Razia Musarrat ◽  
Sumaira Khan
Keyword(s):  
New Era ◽  
Common Descent ◽  
Religious Extremism ◽  
The World ◽  
Shared Culture ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Race And Place ◽  
Religious Terrorism

Pakistan is facing several forms of terrorism, no other country in the world entangled in this problem like Pakistan today. Sectarianism and politico-religious terrorism is an aching problem of Pakistan. The term ethnic refer to the way in which individuals and groups characterize themselves on the basis of their language, race, and place of origin, shared culture, values, and history. Ethnicity is a conception of a common descent, often of a mythic character. A new era of terror began in Pakistan. The situation has become very shocking for the stability of Pakistan. This study investigates terrorism post 9/11 in Pakistan. Terrorism that emerged after 9/11 is the most serious threat. Pakistan has its role as the frontline state in the war against terrorism. The tension between supporters particularly conservative and moderate Islam is growing and the deterioration of composition sate. It is beyond the capacity of single person’s effort to eliminate deep rooted crisis of the society. An institutional mechanism with the participation range on a regular basis is the only permanent way to fight against this threat. The study sheds new light on the extent of terrorism, the repeated nature of terrorism, the role of conflict, the choice of weapons, support for terrorism, the choice of targets and the reactionary nature of terrorism. 

scholarly journals Albania, a Stabilizing Factor in the Western Balkans Region Favored by Its Geostrategic Position

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Mirela Metushaj
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
The World ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Albania, a stabilizing factor in the region favored by its geostrategic position. Albania, being a small country in the world geography, but also in the regional one, has played a determining role in several historical moments after ’90 for its membership in the NATO, and after the membership in this organization it has played a role in guaranteeing stability and peace in the Western Balkans, and therefore in the international arena. It is a known fact that Western Balkans had and still has many ethnic, cultural and religious conflicts and has experienced various challenges which provoked the stability of the countries which, after a difficult time after the dissolution of former Yugoslavia, have been able to be independent and internationally recognized countries, aiming to become members of the NATO and EU, and for this reason they have been little prone to develop conflicts between them. Albania has proved to be always in favor of dialogue and stability in the relations between the states, with the main purpose of achieving the major aim for the Western Balkans to become a complete member in European and international organizations, as this would influence the vital and political improvement not only in some countries of the Balkans, but in the Balkans as a whole, especially in the economic aspect. What is the role of the geostrategic position of Albania in the region and elsewhere from the stability viewpoint?

scholarly journals The role of observers' gaze behaviour when watching object manipulation tasks: predicting and evaluating the consequences of action

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1628) ◽  
pp. 20130063 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Randall Flanagan ◽  
Gerben Rotman ◽  
Andreas F. Reichelt ◽  
Roland S. Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Target Prediction ◽  
Object Manipulation ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
Prediction Task ◽  
The World ◽  
Gaze Behaviour

When watching an actor manipulate objects, observers, like the actor, naturally direct their gaze to each object as the hand approaches and typically maintain gaze on the object until the hand departs. Here, we probed the function of observers' eye movements, focusing on two possibilities: (i) that observers' gaze behaviour arises from processes involved in the prediction of the target object of the actor's reaching movement and (ii) that this gaze behaviour supports the evaluation of mechanical events that arise from interactions between the actor's hand and objects. Observers watched an actor reach for and lift one of two presented objects. The observers' task was either to predict the target object or judge its weight. Proactive gaze behaviour, similar to that seen in self-guided action–observation, was seen in the weight judgement task, which requires evaluating mechanical events associated with lifting, but not in the target prediction task. We submit that an important function of gaze behaviour in self-guided action observation is the evaluation of mechanical events associated with interactions between the hand and object. By comparing predicted and actual mechanical events, observers, like actors, can gain knowledge about the world, including information about objects they may subsequently act upon.

scholarly journals Applications of Malaysia Deposit Insurance Corporation (MDIC) To Takaful Operators: An Analysis from the Shariah Advisors’ Perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurdianawati Irwani Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Deposit Insurance ◽  
Actual Practice ◽  
Total Asset ◽  
The World ◽  
Access To The Field ◽  
Policy Holder ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Gain Access ◽  
The Ideal

The global takaful market is estimated by market analysts to reach a premium of U.S. $ 12.5 billion by 2015. Malaysia is considered the second largest takaful in the world with total asset of US$ 3.2 billion. One of the new innovations of takaful and insurance in Malaysia is Perbadanan Insurance Deposit Malaysia (PIDM) which is also known internationally as the Malaysia Deposit Insurance Corporation (MDIC). The role of MDIC is to provide protection to owners of takaful certificate and to ensure the stability and confidence in the market by protecting policy holder (takaful certificate). Therefore, this study investigates the extent to which MDIC is relevant to takaful operators. Personal interviews are carried out with shariah advisers of takaful operators to deduce the actual practice, the ideal role and to gain access to the field of MDIC and its implications in Malaysia. The findings of this research indicate that MDIC is relevant to takaful operators and part of the regulations that should be supported and encouraged. Furthermore, the study also found that shariah advisers suggest Wakalah bi ajr as an alternative of kafalah-bi al-ajr by shifting the scheme to tabarru‘model. In addition, the study found that the contribution paid should be charged to the participants’ fund; this is because the protection provided by MDIC is for the fund that belongs to the participants and takaful operators deemed to be wakeel (agent) only.

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