What are “normal movements” in atypical populations?

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Latash ◽  
J. Greg Anson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Control Structures ◽  
Current State ◽  
Primary Disorder ◽  
Motor Problems ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Control Patterns

AbstractRedundancy of the motor control system is an important feature that gives the central control structures options for solving everyday motor problems. The choice of particular control patterns is based on priorities (coordinative rules) that are presently unknown. Motor patterns observed in unimpaired young adults reflect these priorities. We hypothesize that under certain atypical conditions, which may include disorders in perception of the environment and in decision making, structural or biochemical changes within the central nervous system (CNS), and/or structural changes of the effectors, the central nervous system may reconsider its priorities. A new set of priorities will reflect the current state of the system and may lead to different patterns of voluntary movement. Under such conditions, changed motor patterns should be considered not pathological but rather adaptive to a primary disorder and may even be viewed as optimal for a given state of the system of movement production. Therapeutic approaches should not be directed toward restoring the motor patterns to as close to “normal” as possible but rather toward resolving the original underlying problem. We illustrate this approach using, as examples, movements in amputees, in patients with Parkinson's disease, in patients with dystonia, and in persons with Down syndrome.

The Pathology of Milkiness, Thickening, and Opacity of the Pia-arachnoid in the Insane

1895 ◽  
Vol 41 (175) ◽  
pp. 622-635
Author(s):  
W. F. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

There is at the present time great need of more complete and definite knowledge as to the pathology of the very marked structural changes that so commonly affect the pia-arachnoid in the insane. The subject is one of much importance to all of us as medical psychologists, for not only is the condition in question one of the most conspicuous lesions associated with mental disease, but it implicates a structure of primary importance in the economy of the central nervous system. It is by way of vessels that course through this membrane that nutriment is conveyed to the brain cortex, and the waste products resulting from metabolism in the cerebral tissues are mainly conveyed away in the fluid that circulates in its lymph spaces. Therefore it is evident that these morbid changes may very seriously interfere with the functions both of nutrition and excretion in the brain.

scholarly journals Circular RNAs in the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Lan Li ◽  
Wen Wang ◽  
Zi-Bing Jin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Current State ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Protein Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Regulate Protein

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous single-stranded RNAs characterized by covalently closed loop structures with neither 5′ to 3′ polarity nor poly(A) tails. They are generated most commonly from back-splicing of protein-coding exons. CircRNAs have a tissue-specific distribution and are evolutionarily conserved, and many circRNAs play important biological functions by combining with microRNAs and proteins to regulate protein functions and their own translation. Numerous studies have shown that circRNAs are enriched in the central nervous system (CNS) and play an important role in the development and maintenance of homeostasis. Correspondingly, they also play an important role in the occurrence and progression of CNS diseases. In this review, we highlight the current state of circRNA biogenesis, properties, function and the crucial roles they play in the CNS.

Surgical Endovascular Neuroradiology in the 21st Century: What Lies Ahead?

Neurosurgery ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. S3-48-S3-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J. Prestigiacomo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Endovascular Therapy ◽  
Neck Surgery ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Endovascular Surgery ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Current State ◽  
Push Forward ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract FEW COULD HAVE imagined the tremendous growth of endovascular surgery over the past 40 years. Endovascular therapy has greatly enhanced the care of the patient in neurosurgery, spine surgery, and head and neck surgery. Progress in technology and techniques continue to push forward the boundaries of what is deemed “treatable,” assuming acceptable risk. This article will briefly review the current state of endovascular surgery and speculate about what its role will be in the near and far future. Endovascular therapy provides a minimally invasive approach to the central nervous system and other systems via natural and, at times, highly selective pathways. Maximizing the accessibility of these routes to highly specific regions of the central nervous system provides an elegant and minimalist approach to treating diseases of the central nervous system with almost no “footprints” of ever having accessed the region. In the future, safe, efficient and intelligent delivery systems that may enhance or alter the tissue's response may result in successful treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, as well as other diseases of the craniospinal axis. The growth of nanotechnology, metallurgy, synthetic polymers, imaging, and training will all combine to help grow the technology and the science that is surgical endovascular neuroradiology.

scholarly journals Experience-Associated Structural Events, Subependymal Cellular Proliferative Activity, and Functional Recovery After Injury to the Central Nervous System

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1513-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Schallert ◽  
J. Leigh Leasure ◽  
Bryan Kolb
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Proliferative Activity ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Considerable structural plasticity is possible in the damaged neocortex and connected brain areas, and the potential for significant functional recovery remains even during the chronic phases of the recovery process. In this article, the authors review the literature on use-dependent morphologic events, focusing on the direct interaction of behavioral experience and structural changes associated with plasticity and degeneration. Experience-associated neural changes have the potential to either hinder or enhance functional recovery; therefore, issues concerning the nature, timing, and intensity of behavior-based intervention strategies are addressed.

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