Hierarchies, similarity, and interactivity in object recognition: “Category-specific” neuropsychological deficits

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glyn W. Humphreys ◽  
Emer M. E. Forde
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Object Recognition ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Visual Similarity ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Living Things ◽  
New Processing ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Processing Framework

Category-specific impairments of object recognition and naming are among the most intriguing disorders in neuropsychology, affecting the retrieval of knowledge about either living or nonliving things. They can give us insight into the nature of our representations of objects: Have we evolved different neural systems for recognizing different categories of object? What kinds of knowledge are important for recognizing particular objects? How does visual similarity within a category influence object recognition and representation? What is the nature of our semantic knowledge about different objects? We review the evidence on category-specific impairments, arguing that deficits even for one class of object (e.g., living things) cannot be accounted for in terms of a single information processing disorder across all patients; problems arise at contrasting loci in different patients. The same apparent pattern of impairment can be produced by damage to different loci. According to a new processing framework for object recognition and naming, the hierarchical interactive theory (HIT), we have a hierarchy of highly interactive stored representations. HIT explains the variety of patients in terms of (1) lesions at different levels of processing and (2) different forms of stored knowledge used both for particular tasks and for particular categories of object.

Temporal Coherence Transitions Induced by Channel Noise in Scale-Free Neuronal Networks with Time Delay

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 1750031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijuan Xie ◽  
Yubing Gong
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Noise Intensity ◽  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Temporal Coherence ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Channel Noise ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Regulation Effect ◽  
Insight Into

In this paper, we study the effect of channel noise on the temporal coherence of scale-free Hodgkin–Huxley neuronal networks with time delay. It is found that the temporal coherence of the neuronal networks changes as channel noise intensity is varied in different ways depending on the range of channel noise intensity. The temporal coherence monotonically decreases with the increase of channel noise intensity for too small or too big channel noise intensity. However, for intermediate channel noise intensity it intermittently and rapidly becomes high and low as channel noise intensity is varied, exhibiting temporal coherence transitions. Moreover, this phenomenon is dependent on coupling strength and network average degree and becomes strongest when they are optimal. This result shows that channel noise has a regulation effect on the temporal coherence of the delayed neuronal networks by inducing temporal coherence transitions. This provides a new insight into channel noise for the information processing and transmission in neural systems.

scholarly journals Domain-specific and Domain-general Processing in Left Perisylvian Cortex: Evidence from Russian

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Klimovich-Gray ◽  
Mirjana Bozic ◽  
William D. Marslen-Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Language System ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
Fmri Experiment ◽  
Grammatical Complexity ◽  
Inflectional Affixes

The processing of words containing inflectional affixes triggers morphophonological parsing and affix-related grammatical information processing. Increased perceptual complexity related to stem-affix parsing is hypothesized to create predominantly domain-general processing demands, whereas grammatical processing primarily implicates domain-specific linguistic demands. Exploiting the properties of Russian morphology and syntax, we designed an fMRI experiment to separate out the neural systems supporting these two demand types, contrasting inflectional complexity, syntactic (phrasal) complexity, and derivational complexity in three comparisons: (a) increase in parsing demands while controlling for grammatical complexity (inflections vs. phrases), (b) increase in grammatical processing demands, and (c) combined demands of morphophonological parsing and grammatical processing (inflections and phrases vs. derivations). Left inferior frontal and bilateral temporal areas are most active when the two demand types are combined, with inflectional and phrasal complexity contrasting strongly with derivational complexity (which generated only bilateral temporal activity). Increased stem-affix parsing demands alone did not produce unique activations, whereas grammatical structure processing activated bilateral superior and middle temporal areas. Selective left frontotemporal language system engagement for short phrases and inflections seems to be driven by simultaneous and interdependent domain-general and domain-specific processing demands.

The Decision to Blow the Whistle: A Social Information Processing Framework

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Gundlach ◽  
Scott C. Douglas ◽  
Mark J. Martinko
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Processing Framework

Visual control of orientation behaviour in the fly: Part I. A quantitative analysis

1976 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Reichardt ◽  
Tomaso Poggio
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Logical Organization ◽  
Integrative Level ◽  
Processing Properties ◽  
Different Levels

An understanding of sensory information processing in the nervous system will probably require investigations with a variety of ‘model’ systems at different levels of complexity.Our choice of a suitable model system was constrained by two conflicting requirements: on one hand the information processing properties of the system should be rather complex, on the other hand the system should be amenable to a quantitative analysis. In this sense the fly represents a compromise.In these two papers we explore how optical information is processed by the fly's visual system. Our objective is to unravel the logical organization of the fly's visual system and its underlying functional and computational principles. Our approach is at a highly integrative level. There are different levels of analysing and ‘understanding’ complex systems, like a brain or a sophisticated computer.

scholarly journals Transcendental Philosophy as a Research Programme

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-126
Author(s):  
Michael Lewin
Keyword(s):  
Research Programme ◽  
Transcendental Philosophy ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definite Form ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
Clear Idea ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Insight Into

Transcendental philosophy was not born like Athena out of Zeus’s head, mature and in full armour from the very beginning. That is why in both prefaces to the Critique of Pure Reason (1781 and 1787) Kant introduces the concept of transcendental philosophy as an “idea.” The idea understood architectonically develops slowly and only gradually acquires a definite form. As witnessed by the works of Kant himself and of his predecessors and followers, the idea of transcendental philosophy has undergone a series of changes and adjustments compared to the initial plan. In this context, my goal is not simply exegesis and historical investigation of transcendental philosophy, but also to look at it from a systematic and methodological perspective. I examine the concept of transcendental philosophy from the viewpoint of programmatic metaphilosophy. The first part discusses programmatics as a distinct subsection of metaphilosophy. I argue that Kant’s architectonic methodology and the methodology of Lakatos can be used to understand the inception, development and degradation of philosophical systems. In the second part I look at the project of transcendental philosophy and the stages of its development from the standpoint of architectonics. The third part shows that Lakatos’s methodology can provide a detailed insight into the elements of transcendental philosophy, a clear idea of its logic and identify the component parts that can be improved and developed. In spite of the different levels of detailing and epistemological prerequisites, the methodologies of Kant and Lakatos can be combined to achieve a metaphilosophically informed and progressive understanding of philosophical projects.

Reconstruction of Identity After Brain Injury

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ylvisaker ◽  
Timothy Feeney
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Potential Contributor ◽  
Behavioural Adjustment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Instructive Case ◽  
Processing Framework

AbstractFollowing severe traumatic brain injury, difficulty with behavioural adjustment and community reintegration is common. A potential contributor to this difficulty is a sense of personal identity that is inconsistent with the restrictions on activity and need for effortful compensation imposed by persistent impairment. We summarise an information processing framework within which the impact of schematic mental models of self is explained and present intervention procedures designed to help individuals with traumatic brain injury reconstruct an organised and positive sense of personal identity. We conclude the paper with three instructive case illustrations.

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