People actually are about as bad as social psychologists say, or worse

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-352
Author(s):  
Michael P. Maratsos
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
The Real ◽  
Self Interest

Experimental studies are not representative of how badly people function. We study people under relatively innocuous conditions, where their self-interests are very low. In the real world, where people's self-interests are much higher, people are much worse a good deal of the time (some illustrations are cited). This is often “adaptive” for the perpetrators, but that doesn't make it “good” behavior. That people function so badly in our experiments, where self-interest is relatively minimal, is what is really terrifying.

scholarly journals The Ethics of Regulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
David Antoni ◽  
Freddy Leal
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Regulatory Environment ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ideal World ◽  
Effi Ciency ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Regulatory Intervention

Regulations are often imposed in order to correct any failures in the market, whether the failure is a result of the functioning of a market or the behaviour of a government. However, every regulatory intervention br ings up a question: How ethical is the regulation? Even if a regulatory intervention could achieve more effici ency or more equity, it may not mean that it is ethi cal. The concept of ethics is ne cessarily subjective, it is based on the morals and standards of a society. Yet even though a society may be concerned about ethics, the issues of equity and altrui sm matter as does the way in which firms produce and seek to rationally an d efficiently maximize profit. Defining ethics is a difficul t issue, and defining ethical regu lation is even more difficult. Any form of regulation is a tool for interv ention used to balanc e the trade-off between efficiency and equity to create harmony between a market or economy and the society it functions within. In an ideal world, any go vernment intervention implemented would be for the greater benefit of all. However, this does not always happen in the vicissitudes of the real world when governments regulate an d intervene in markets, which are, in turn, based on the principle of rational self-interest and efficiency. In this paper we discuss the role of society in market regu lation. The discussion will focus on the importance of society on ethics and therefore on what constitutes ethical regulations. In fact we argue that equity, effi ciency or even failures are not the main factors to consider when regulating. It is society that defines ethics and how society understands ethics influences the regulatory environment

Another route to broadening the scope of social psychology: Ecologically valid research

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Gosling
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Real World ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
The Real ◽  
Existence Proofs ◽  
Mere Existence

An imbalance is identified in social psychology between controlled experimental studies (which are common) and real-world, ecologically valid studies (which are rare). The preponderance of experimental studies (which provide mere existence proofs and lack realism) helps fuel social psychology's fault-finding focus. Laboratory experiments and ecological studies should be pursued jointly to examine social life in the real world.

Learning from Paper, Learning from Screens

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaveri Subrahmanyam ◽  
Minas Michikyan ◽  
Christine Clemmons ◽  
Rogelio Carrillo ◽  
Yalda T. Uhls ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
The Real ◽  
Report Quality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
Reading Study

Electronic screens on laptop and tablet computers are being used for reading text, often while multitasking. Two experimental studies with college students explored the effect of medium and opportunities to multitask on reading (Study 1) and report writing (Study 2). In Study 1, participants (N = 120) read an easy and difficult passage on paper, a laptop, or tablet, while either multitasking or not multitasking. Neither multitasking nor medium impacted reading comprehension, but those who multitasked took longer to read both passages, indicating loss of efficiency with multitasking. In Study 2, participants (N = 67) were asked to synthesize source material in multiple texts to write a one-page evidence-based report. Participants read the source texts either on (1) paper, (2) computer screen without Internet or printer access, or (3) computer screen with Internet and printer access (called the “real-world” condition). There were no differences in report quality or efficiency between those whose source materials were paper or computer. However, global report quality was significantly better when participants read source texts on a computer screen without Internet or printer access, compared with when they had Internet and printer access. Active use of paper for note-taking greatly reduced the negative impact of Internet and printer access in the real-world condition. Although participants expressed a preference for accessing information on paper, reading the texts on paper did not make a significant difference in report quality, compared with either of the two computer conditions. Implications for formal and informal learning are discussed.

scholarly journals A philosophical and socio-historical defense of the secular, democratic and mixed economic state

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Geoffrey
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Real World ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Interest Theory ◽  
The Real ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
Ideal World ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Economic State

An inquiry into the philosophical foundations of a secular, democratic welfare state has been carried out. The necessity of such a work arises because a deeper philosophical framework is necessary for clarity to define secularism of whether secularism means pluralism and the tolerance of diversity for a greater end or the absolution of atheistic humanism and its intolerance toward other worldviews. Self-interest theory of human behavior is discussed as the basis for requiring reduction is power concentration and how such reductions in power concentrations is achieved through a democratic mixed economic state is discussed. The self-interest theory of human behavior says that human action is driven by self-interest which is automatic, natural and viscerally compelling while our obligation to others is a more thoughtful process of deliberation over morality. However by the common psychological biases such as confirmation and self-serving biases, our individualism overpowers our morality. Therefore it is concluded that while a Democratic mixed economic state is not the idealism of all that power can achieve if we did everything right in an ideal world but rather what we need to prevent the worst from happening in the real world by the dangers of power concentrations and self-interest seeking individuals and considering we live in the real world than in the ideal world we should take it as the best possible solution to our political and economic thought

Accounting for Pleasure: Sigmund Freud, Carl Menger, and the Economically Minded Human Being

PMLA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard T. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Real World ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Real ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Carl Menger ◽  
Scarcity Of Resources

There is a surprising coherence between the human self-understanding and worldview that underpin the theoretical program of the Austrian marginalist economist Carl Menger (1840–1921), first articulated in his 1871 Grundsätze der Volkswirthschaftslehre (Principles of Economics), and Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic project. Both are grounded in a Hobbesian-Darwinian emphasis on monadic individuals guided by egoistic drives, self-interest, and a competitive struggle for individual advantage (Birken, Consuming Desire 1–39). Both, moreover, are steeped in a kind of Malthusian pessimism that invokes increasing scarcity of resources as the underlying cause of human existential anxiety and as the defining feature of human interactions with the “real” world of commodities (Riesman 3). For the Mengerian marginalist as for the Freudian psychoanalyst, the driving forces behind human life are existential need, the instinct for self-preservation and self-improvement, and the development of successful strategies for managing and satisfying needs.

scholarly journals Models of Ellipticals and Bulges

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Binney
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Line ◽  
Real World ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Type Systems ◽  
Early Type ◽  
The Real ◽  
Velocity Anisotropy ◽  
Velocity Information

During the last seven years we have become much more aware of the importance of velocity anisotropy in spheroidal components. There were never any sound arguments for assuming that the velocity ellipsoids in spheroidal components would be spherical, but the mathematical convenience of this assumption is such that velocity anisotropy was either absent from or unimportant in the models that seemed so promising at the last Besancon meeting in 1974. With the advent of accurate velocity information from absorption-line studies of early-type systems, it became apparent that the real world is a good deal more complex than it might have been, and the theoretical situation is now less satisfactory than it seemed in 1974. All I can do here is to report on our somewhat painful efforts to pick ourselves up from the floor to which the observers knocked us in 1975–7.

scholarly journals The virtual reality of the invisible hand

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-134
Author(s):  
Emma Tieffenbach
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Real World ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Invisible Hand ◽  
The Real ◽  
Virtual Self ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Common ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Invisible

Self-centred based explanations such as invisible-hand accounts look like armchair constructions with no relevance to the real world. Whether and how they nonetheless provide an insight into social reality is a puzzling matter. Philip Pettit’s idea of self-interest virtually bearing on choices offers the prospect of a solution. In order to assess the latter we first distinguish between three variants of invisible-hand explanations, namely: a normative, an historical and a theoretical one. We then show that, while the model of virtual self-interest is a helpful gloss on each variant, it may not convincingly succeed, pace Pettit, in reconciling the economic mind with the common mind.

Current Issues: Evidence-Based Practice for the Real World: Thoughts on Clinical Education in Communication Disorders

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne K. Bothe
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Education ◽  
Real World ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
University Faculty ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Real ◽  
Language Pathology

This article presents some streamlined and intentionally oversimplified ideas about educating future communication disorders professionals to use some of the most basic principles of evidence-based practice. Working from a popular five-step approach, modifications are suggested that may make the ideas more accessible, and therefore more useful, for university faculty, other supervisors, and future professionals in speech-language pathology, audiology, and related fields.

The Real-World Fellowship

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
LEE SAVIO BEERS
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Real
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