Individual differences, affective and social factors

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Furnham
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Biological Theory ◽  
Behavioural Economics ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Affective Associations

The target article overestimates the power of money as a motive/incentive in order to justify trying to provide a biological theory. A great deal of the article is spent trying to force-fit other explanations into this course categorization. Lea & Webley's (L&W's) account seems to ignore systematic, individual differences, as well as the literature on many negative affective associations of money and behavioural economics, which is a cognitive account of money motivation.

Inter-individual variation shapes the human microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily F. Wissel ◽  
Leigh K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Microbiome Research

Abstract The target article suggests inter-individual variability is a weakness of microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research, but we discuss why it is actually a strength. We comment on how accounting for individual differences can help researchers systematically understand the observed variance in microbiota composition, interpret null findings, and potentially improve the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in future clinical microbiome research.

Psychological and social factors responsible for school violence: العوامل النفسية والاجتماعية المسؤولة عن العنف المدرسي

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (41) ◽  
pp. 137-124
Author(s):  
Soufi Abdelouaheb Soufi Abdelouaheb
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
School Violence ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Student Teacher ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Learning Theory ◽  
Biological Theory ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Psychology Education

The school violence is one of the most important topics that has attracted the interest of many researchers and specialists in psychology, education and sociology because of its complex nature for the student, teacher and the school as a whole for decades. This study was an attempt to identify the most important psychological and social factors behind the spread of violence in schools, And its interpretation through a set of theoretical theories of psychoanalysis, social learning, theory of frustration and aggression, biological theory, and the most prominent aspects of violent personality.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Prematurity, Cumulative Medical Risk, and Proximal and Distal Social Forces on Individual Differences in Diurnal Cortisol at Young Adulthood

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzy B. Winchester ◽  
Mary C. Sullivan ◽  
Mary B. Roberts ◽  
Crystal I. Bryce ◽  
Douglas A. Granger
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
New England ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Medical Risk

This study examined the effects of prematurity, cumulative medical risk, and proximal and distal social forces on individual differences in the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in young adulthood. A prospective sample of 149 infants born healthy preterm (PT; n = 22), sick PT ( n = 93, medical illness, neurological illness, small for gestational age), and full term ( n = 34) was recruited from a Level III neonatal intensive care unit in southern New England between 1985 and 1989 and followed to age 23 years. Cumulative medical risk was indexed across seven assessment waves (spanning 17 years) using medical and neurological health status at birth, toddlerhood (ages 18 and 30 months), childhood (ages 4 and 8 years), and adolescence (ages 12 and 17 years). Distal risk included socioeconomic status (SES) at birth. Proximal social factors were indexed from assessments of the home environment and measures of child vulnerability and maternal self-esteem, involvement, and control style from birth, 4 years, 8 years, and 12 years. At age 23 years, five saliva samples were collected upon awakening, 45 min after waking, 4 hr after waking, 8 hr after waking, and bedtime (later assayed for cortisol). Results reveal effects of cumulative medical risk on the diurnal pattern of HPA axis activity, with moderating effects of SES and proximal social factors. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for contemporary theories related to developmental sensitivity and susceptibility to context and the developmental origins of health and disease theory.

Cost-benefit models as the next, best option for understanding subjective effort

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kurzban ◽  
Angela Duckworth ◽  
Joseph W. Kable ◽  
Justus Myers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Target Article

AbstractThe commentaries on our target article are surprisingly sympathetic to our overall approach to explaining subjective effort, though disagreement with particulars inevitably emerged. Here, in our response, we first review the few disagreements concerning the basic structure of our proposal, highlighting areas in which little or no resistance was voiced. Opposition to the assumptions that underlie our opportunity cost model is noticeably limited. Areas of genuine disagreement, however, include: (1) the inputs to and outputs of the relevant decision-making systems; (2) how to interpret data regarding individual differences in performance; (3) how to explain persistence on tasks that give rise to the sensation of subjective effort; and (4) the details of the relevant neuropsychological systems. Throughout we point to empirical issues raised by the commentaries and suggest research that will be useful in arbitrating points of disagreement.

Modeling, simulating, and simplifying links between stress, attachment, and reproduction

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Petters ◽  
Everett Waters
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Target Article

AbstractJohn Bowlby's use of evolutionary theory as a cornerstone of his attachment theory was innovative in its day and remains useful. Del Giudice's target article extends Belsky et al.'s and Chisholm's efforts to integrate attachment theory with more current thinking about evolution, ecology, and neuroscience. His analysis would be strengthened by (1) using computer simulation to clarify and simulate the effects of early environmental stress, (2) incorporating information about non-stress related sources of individual differences, (3) considering the possibility of adaptive behavior without specific evolutionary adaptations, and (4) considering whether the attachment construct is critical to his analysis.

scholarly journals Opportunities for emotion and mental health research in the resource-rationality framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan M. Russek ◽  
Rani Moran ◽  
Daniel McNamee ◽  
Andrea Reiter ◽  
Yunzhe Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Mental Health Research ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Answering Questions

Abstract We discuss opportunities in applying the resource-rationality framework toward answering questions in emotion and mental health research. These opportunities rely on characterization of individual differences in cognitive strategies; an endeavor that may be at odds with the normative approach outlined in the target article. We consider ways individual differences might enter the framework and the translational opportunities offered by each.

Leveraging individual differences to understand grounded procedures

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam K. Fetterman ◽  
Michael D. Robinson ◽  
Brian P. Meier
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Theory Testing ◽  
Target Article

Abstract We applaud the goals and execution of the target article, but note that individual differences do not receive much attention. This is a shortcoming because individual differences can play a vital role in theory testing. In our commentary, we describe programs of research of this type and also apply similar thinking to the mechanisms proposed in the target article.

Species and individual differences in communication based on private states

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lubinski ◽  
Travis Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Metabolic Factors ◽  
Animal Modeling ◽  
Discriminative Stimulus Effects ◽  
Feeling States ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Stimulus Effects

AbstractThe way people come to report private stimulation (e.g., feeling states) arising within their own bodies is not well understood. Although the Darwinian assumption of biological continuity has been the basis of extensive animal modeling for many human biological and behavioral phenomena, few have attempted to model human communication based on private stimulation. This target article discusses such an animal model using concepts and methods derived from the study of discriminative stimulus effects of drugs and recent research on interanimal communication. We discuss how humans acquire the capacity to identify and report private stimulation and we analyze intra- and interspecies differences in neurochemical mechanisms for transducing interoceptive stimuli, enzymatic and other metabolic factors, learning ability, and discrimination learning histories and their relation to psychiatric and developmental disabilities.

The Neurobiological Underpinnings of Coping With Pain

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Edwards ◽  
Claudia Campbell ◽  
Robert N. Jamison ◽  
Katja Wiech
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Biopsychosocial Model ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Pain Processing ◽  
Pain Coping ◽  
Pain Research ◽  
The Brain

The biopsychosocial model treats pain as resulting from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. Individual differences in approaches to coping with pain-related symptoms are important determinants of pain-related outcomes, and are often classified under the “psychological” category within the biopsychosocial model. However, engagement in various cognitive, affective, and behavioral pain-coping strategies appears to exert biological effects, which we review here. Pain-coping activities such as catastrophizing, distracting oneself from pain sensations, or reappraisal of pain may exert effects on activity in a variety of pain-processing and pain-modulatory circuits within the brain, as well affect the functioning of neuromuscular, immune, and neuroendocrine systems. The interface between pain-related neurobiology and the use of specific pain-coping techniques represents an important avenue for future pain research.

On feeling in control: A biological theory for individual differences in control perception

2006 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn H. Declerck ◽  
Christophe Boone ◽  
Bert De Brabander
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Biological Theory
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