Symbols in numbers: From numerals to magnitude information

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 341-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Lindemann ◽  
Shirley-Ann Rueschemeyer ◽  
Harold Bekkering
Keyword(s):  
Number Processing ◽  
Dual Code ◽  
Semantic Representations ◽  
Code Model ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
Number Representations ◽  
The Difference

AbstractA dual-code model of number processing needs to take into account the difference between a number symbol and its meaning. The transition of automatic non-abstract number representations into intentional abstract representations could be conceptualized as a translation of perceptual asemantic representations of numerals into semantic representations of the associated magnitude information. The controversy about the nature of number representations should be thus related to theories on embodied grounding of symbols.

scholarly journals Exploring the Motivation of Pupils towards the Implementation of QR Codes in Pronunciation Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Kim Hua Tan ◽  
Kar Mei Chee
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Qr Code ◽  
Quick Response ◽  
Qr Codes ◽  
Code Model ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Perceived Choice ◽  
Survey Questionnaires

The implementation of Quick Response (QR) codes in education has become increasingly popular. Previous studies proved that it can increase the motivation of pupils in learning. Hence, this research investigates the difference of pupils’ motivation levels in learning pronunciation after the implementation of QR codes. We examine the motivation of pupils in terms of four aspects: interest, competence, perceived choice and sense of belonging. Accordingly, we propose a QR code model, which is linked to Google Forms that contain audio recordings for pronunciation practice. With the proposed QR code activity, the pupils can record their versions of audio recordings of pronunciation and submit to their teacher for feedback. The participants are 90 year 4 pupils from a sub-urban Chinese primary school in Johor. We employ a pre-experimental research design in this research. We collect our data by using 2 research instruments: survey questionnaires and observation checklist. We administer the survey questionnaires before and after the implementation of QR codes to find out the changes in the motivation of pupils. We also utilise an observation checklist to examine the attitude of the participants during the implementation of QR codes in pronunciation learning. The findings of this research reveal a significant change in the pupils’ motivation towards the implementation of QR codes in pronunciation learning. Specifically, we find an increment of motivation in learning pronunciation as the pupils show interests in learning.   Received: 6 October 2020 / Accepted: 12 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021

scholarly journals The 34th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: The abstract representations in speech processing

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1601-1619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Cutler
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
Phonological Form ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Metalinguistic Knowledge

Speech processing by human listeners derives meaning from acoustic input via intermediate steps involving abstract representations of what has been heard. Recent results from several lines of research are here brought together to shed light on the nature and role of these representations. In spoken-word recognition, representations of phonological form and of conceptual content are dissociable. This follows from the independence of patterns of priming for a word's form and its meaning. The nature of the phonological-form representations is determined not only by acoustic-phonetic input but also by other sources of information, including metalinguistic knowledge. This follows from evidence that listeners can store two forms as different without showing any evidence of being able to detect the difference in question when they listen to speech. The lexical representations are in turn separate from prelexical representations, which are also abstract in nature. This follows from evidence that perceptual learning about speaker-specific phoneme realization, induced on the basis of a few words, generalizes across the whole lexicon to inform the recognition of all words containing the same phoneme. The efficiency of human speech processing has its basis in the rapid execution of operations over abstract representations.

Abstract representations of number: What interactions with number form do not prove and priming effects do

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 351-352
Author(s):  
Seppe Santens ◽  
Wim Fias ◽  
Tom Verguts
Keyword(s):  
Task Demands ◽  
Dual Code ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
Experimental Factor ◽  
Number Form

AbstractWe challenge the arguments of Cohen Kadosh & Walsh (CK&W) on two grounds. First, interactions between number form (e.g., notation, format, modality) and an experimental factor do not show that the notations/formats/modalities are processed separately. Second, we discuss evidence that numbers are coded abstractly, also when not required by task demands and processed unintentionally, thus challenging the authors' dual-code account

Basic Number Representation and Beyond

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Roggeman ◽  
Wim Fias ◽  
Tom Verguts
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Basic Number ◽  
Number Processing ◽  
Number Representation ◽  
Number Representations ◽  
Symbolic Number ◽  
Related Theme

We discuss recent computational network models of elementary number processing. One key issue to emerge from this work is a crucial distinction between symbolic and non-symbolic number representation, and the related distinction between number-selective and number-sensitive coding. Empirical predictions from the models were tested, and are here summarized. Another issue is the relation with task-based decision making mechanisms. In both lab and real-life settings, representations are seldomly accessed in a task-neutral manner, rather subjects are usually presented with a task. A related theme is the functional association between number representations and working memory. In these issues also, both modeling and neuroimaging work is summarized. To conclude, we propose that the combined modeling-neuroimaging approach should be extended to tackle more complex questions about number processing (e.g. fractions, development, dyscalculia).

scholarly journals Investigating the visual number form area: a replication study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 182067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Merkley ◽  
Benjamin Conrad ◽  
Gavin Price ◽  
Daniel Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Number Representation ◽  
Visual Word Form Area ◽  
Code Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Left Angular Gyrus ◽  
Numerical Representations ◽  
Number Form

The influential triple-code model of number representation proposed that there are three distinct brain regions for three different numerical representations: verbal words, visual digits and abstract magnitudes. It was hypothesized that the region for visual digits, known as the number form area, would be in ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOTC), near other visual category-specific regions, such as the visual word form area. However, neuroimaging investigations searching for a region that responds in a category-specific manner to the visual presentation of number symbols have yielded inconsistent results. Price & Ansari (Price, Ansari 2011 Neuroimage 57 , 1205–1211) investigated whether any regions activated more in response to passively viewing digits in contrast with letters and visually similar nonsense symbols and identified a region in the left angular gyrus. By contrast, Grotheer et al . (Grotheer, Herrmann, Kovács 2016 J. Neurosci . 36 , 88–97) found bilateral regions in vOTC which were more activated in response to digits than other stimuli categories while performing a one-back task. In the current study, we aimed to replicate the findings reported in Grotheer et al . with Price & Ansari's passive viewing task as this is the most stringent test of bottom-up, sensory-driven, category-specific perception. Moreover, we used the contrasts reported in both papers in order to test whether the discrepancy in findings could be attributed to the difference in analysis.

The Origin of the Moon

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Ruskol
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solar System ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

The difference between average densities of the Moon and Earth was interpreted in the preceding report by Professor H. Urey as indicating a difference in their chemical composition. Therefore, Urey assumes the Moon's formation to have taken place far away from the Earth, under conditions differing substantially from the conditions of Earth's formation. In such a case, the Earth should have captured the Moon. As is admitted by Professor Urey himself, such a capture is a very improbable event. In addition, an assumption that the “lunar” dimensions were representative of protoplanetary bodies in the entire solar system encounters great difficulties.

Abstraction: An alternative neurocognitive account of recognition, prediction, and decision making

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie F. Reyna ◽  
David A. Broniatowski
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Software Engineering ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Trace Theory ◽  
Fuzzy Trace Theory ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
Technical Systems

Abstract Gilead et al. offer a thoughtful and much-needed treatment of abstraction. However, it fails to build on an extensive literature on abstraction, representational diversity, neurocognition, and psychopathology that provides important constraints and alternative evidence-based conceptions. We draw on conceptions in software engineering, socio-technical systems engineering, and a neurocognitive theory with abstract representations of gist at its core, fuzzy-trace theory.

Scale-free architectures support representational diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Fields ◽  
James F. Glazebrook
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Abstract Representations ◽  
Computational Architecture ◽  
Architectural Models ◽  
Cognition Scale

Abstract Gilead et al. propose an ontology of abstract representations based on folk-psychological conceptions of cognitive architecture. There is, however, no evidence that the experience of cognition reveals the architecture of cognition. Scale-free architectural models propose that cognition has the same computational architecture from sub-cellular to whole-organism scales. This scale-free architecture supports representations with diverse functions and levels of abstraction.

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