PENGARUH PENGURANGAN TONGKOL TIDAK BERKEMBANG DAN PEMBERIAN DOSIS NITROGEN TERHADAP HASIL TANAMAN JAGUNG {Zea mays L.) VARIETAS LOKAL SERAYA

This research conducted to know the effect of decreasing undergrowth stem earn of corn and fertilized corn yield seraya local variety with nitrogen rates and interaction. The experimental factor is decreased unproductive stem earn consist left behind 1 stem earn (Tl), decrease by left behind 2 stem earn (T2) and without a decrease (T3). The second factor is nitrogen dosage by 0,115 and 172,5 kg N/ha. The result of research indicated a real and extremely real interaction between both of treatment factor (T x N) only happen on the amount of variable seed per line and amount of seed per crop. Treatment without decreasing undergrowth stem earn (T3) caused highly weight dry seed oven per hectare is 2,67 ton and lowest on decreasing undergrowth stem earn treatment to left behind 1 stem earn (Tl) is 1,81 ton. Nitrogen treatment 115kg/ha (N2) caused highly weight dry seed oven 2,97 ton/ha and lowest 1,56 ton by 0 kg/ha nitrogen dosage.

Experiment: Conceptual Basis

Texts and teaching of Experimental Statistics emphasize the statistical analysis of experiments and superficially consider the conceptual basis of experimental research. Definitions of basic concepts are imprecise, incoherent and ambiguous. This is the case, for example, with the concepts of experimental material, experimental factor, experimental unit and experimental error. In particular, the lack of distinction between experimental factor and unit factor and between the two classes of experimental factor: treatment factor and intrinsic factor leads to flaws in the plan and analysis of experiments that originate biased inferences. This approach gives rise to ignorance and misunderstanding of these concepts, underestimation of the importance of the planning of the experiment and, consequently, the inefficiency of many research. This paper reviews and reformulates important concepts with the purpose of contributing a rational basis for experimental research and, in particular, for Experimental Statistics. These revised concepts provides a basis for the formulation of an experiment structure that provides appropriate inferences for the achievement of the objectives of the experiment.

Weed Infestation and Health of Organically Grown Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch.) Depending on Selected Foliar Sprays and Row Spacing

Chamomile is a herbal plant of very high economic importance worldwide. Its organically grown raw material is particularly valuable. Under organic farming conditions, weeds and fungal diseases are an important problem in a chamomile plantation. Seeking agronomic solutions designed to eliminate the occurrence of these pathogens in chamomile crops is constantly valid. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of some foliar sprays (enhancing the condition of the crop plant and its competition against pathogens) and different row spacing of two chamomile cultivars on weed infestation and health of a chamomile plantation. The study results presented in this paper were collected from field experiments carried out in the organic system in the village of Dys (the central Lublin region, Poland) over the period 2014–2016. Experiments were conducted on podzolic soil (class III) as a split-block design in 3 replicates in plots with an area of 525 m2 (6.25 m2 a single plot). This study included two chamomile cultivars (“Złoty Łan”, “Mastar”). The second experimental factor was single or double foliar application of three bioproducts (Herbagreen Basic, Bio-algeen, Effective Microorganisms—EM Farming). The other experimental factor was a different row spacing of chamomile (40 cm and 30 cm). The obtained study results show that 10–16 annual weed species and 1–3 perennial species occurred in both chamomile cultivars. Foliar application of the bioproducts contributed to a reduction in the total number of weeds in the crop, but at the same time to greater weed species diversity. In the control treatments (without the bioproducts), the dominance of several weed species (Viola arvensis, Galeopsis tetrahit, Spergula arvensis, Juncus bufonius, Scleranthus annuus) and lower biodiversity of the weed flora were observed. The largest reduction (by about 20%) in the number of annual weeds was found under the influence of the bioproducts Herbagreen Basic and Bio-algeen applied once. Bio-algeen and Effective Microorganisms (EM), in turn, had a significant effect on decreasing the weed weight. A narrower (30 cm) row spacing of chamomile had a significant impact on reducing the weight of weeds in chamomile crops compared to the wider spacing, which was 40 cm. It should be concluded that infection of the chamomile plantation with fungal diseases was overall at a low level. Significantly higher infection with fungal diseases was found in the case of the cultivar “Mastar”, regardless of the experimental factors. A statistically proven decrease in infection of chamomile plants with fungal diseases was determined under lower crop density conditions (a row spacing of 40 cm). Chamomile plants were found to exhibit better health under the influence of double application of the biofertilizers Herbagreen Basic and Bio-algeen.

The effect of herbs added to the summer diet sheep on the lipid fraction profile of raw milk for cheese making and rennet cheese produced from it

A study was conducted on samples of raw sheep milk and bundz rennet cheese produced from it. The milk was obtained from ewes of the Koluda prolific dairy breed, from June to August. The sheep were housed indoors and fed alfalfa green forage, hay, and a mixture of concentrate feeds. Three feeding groups were established: group I ‒ control, fed without the addition of herbs to the concentrate feed, and groups II and III, in which a herb mixture was added to the concentrate feed in the amount of 10 and 20 g/sheep/day, respectively. Six experimental batches of bundz rennet cheese were made from the milk, and the effect of the addition of herbs to the diet on the lipid profile of the milk and cheese was analysed. The results indicate that the experimental factor had no statistically confirmed effect on the lipid profile of the raw milk used to make cheese. However, the milk fat from sheep fed a diet with herbs at 20 g/sheep/day showed a tendency towards reduced content of SFA (by 3.6%) and increased content of UFA (by 6.8%) and DFA (by 7.2%) relative to the control group. The experimental factor had essentially no statistically confirmed effect on the fatty acid profile of the cheese, apart from an 11.3% increase in the content of n-6 PUFA (P≤0.05) in the fat of bundz produced from the milk of sheep fed a diet with herbs at 20 g/sheep/day with respect to the control group. The cheese fat also showed a tendency towards lower content of SFA (by 3.4%) and OFA (by 4.8%) and higher content of UFA (by 7.4%), MUFA (by 7.1%), PUFA (by 9.4%), n-3 PUFA (by 11.5%) and DFA (by 7.6%) compared to the control group. The experimental factor had no statistically confirmed effect on cholesterol content in the raw milk or the bundz cheese produced from it.

Chemical Properties and Enzyme Activity of Soil as Affected by Tillage System and Previous Crop

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tillage system and previously cultivated crop on the chemical properties and enzyme activity of soil. The first-order experimental factor was the tillage system, i.e., (1) conventional tillage (CT) and (2) reduced tillage (RT), whereas the second-order experimental factor was the previously cultivated crop, i.e., a) pea and b) durum wheat. Samples of soil were analyzed for the contents of organic C, total N, available forms of P, K, and Mg, as well as soil pH, total sorption capacity, and activity of soil enzymes (dehydrogenases, phosphatases, ureases, and proteases). The study demonstrated that the contents of organic C, total N, and available forms of K and Mg as well as soil pH were higher in soil subjected to RT than in that subjected to CT. In plots after pea cultivation, higher values were determined for the contents of total N and Mg, whereas in plots after durum wheat cultivation, the contents of organic C, P, and K and the soil pH were higher. Higher activities of dehydrogenases and phosphatases in soil were noted in soils subjected to the CT system than in those subjected to the RT system, whereas the activities of ureases and proteases were higher in soils subjected to RT. In addition, higher activities of dehydrogenases, phosphatases, and proteases were determined in the soil after pea cultivation than after durum wheat cultivation, whereas a higher activity of ureases was found in the soil after durum wheat cultivation. The C/N ratio was more beneficial after CT than after RT, as well as in the soil from plots after pea cultivation than after durum wheat cultivation.

Pemanfaatan Air Kelapa Dan Asam Sitrat Sebagai Larutan Peraga Menggunakan Teknik Holding Untuk Memperpanjang Masa Kesegaran Bunga Potong Krisan (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) Tipe Spray

This research aims to obtain the best concentration of coconut water and citric acid as a solution to extend Chrysanthemum cut flowers’ freshness period. The research is consisted of 25 experimental units, each experiment was repeated twice to gain 50 experimental units. The research uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with an experimental factor. The factor is a combination of coconut water and citric acid. The concentration of coconut water which was used 0%, 4%, 8%,12% and 16% meanwhile the concentrations of citric acid which was used 0 ppm,100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, and 400 ppm. The parameters which is measured are;the flower‘s freshness period, percentage of flower bloom, the absorbed solution and the flower’s color. Based on the results of the research, it is known that the best treatment is the concentration of coconut water 4% and citric acid 400 ppm that will gain 11 days of flowers’ freshness period, the percentage of flowers’ bloom is 65.5%, the total absorbed solution is 177.5 ml with flower’s color becoming very faded and slightly brown. Keywords:Chrysanthemum flowers, coconut water, citric acid, the flower‘s freshness period of flowers

The effect of meat and bone meal on phosphorus concentrations in soil and crop plants

A four-year field experiment was conducted in north-eastern Poland. The aim of the study was to determine the direct and residual effects of increasing doses of meat and bone meal (MBM) on the available phosphorus content of soil and the total phosphorus content in crops above ground biomass or grain. Experimental factor I was MBM dose (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 t/ha/year, and 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 t/ha/every second year), and experimental factor II was the year of the study (four consecutive years). The application of increasing MBM doses to slightly acidic soil insignificantly decreased its pH, but it did not change soil classification. The use of MBM as a fertilizer increased the levels of available phosphorus, compared to the treatments with mineral fertilization. The grain of winter triticale and winter wheat and the green matter of maize contained higher concentrations of phosphorus after the MBM application, in comparison to the plants receiving mineral fertilization. Phosphorus uptake by winter wheat and maize plants (dry matter basis) was higher in treatments with MBM (in particular applied every second year) than in treatments with NPK fertilization. Irrespective of the frequency of MBM application, phosphorus uptake by winter rapeseed was considerably lower, compared to the control plants.