Cultural variations on the SIMS model

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 444-445
Author(s):  
Christine M. Covas-Smith ◽  
Justin Fine ◽  
Arthur M. Glenberg ◽  
Eric Keylor ◽  
Yexin Jessica Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Collectivist Cultures

AbstractNiedenthal et al. recognize that cultural differences are important when interpreting facial expressions. Nonetheless, many of their core observations derive more from individualistic cultures than from collectivist cultures. We discuss two examples from the latter: (1) lower rates of mutual eye contact, and (2) the ubiquity of specific “functional smiles.” These examples suggest constraints on the assumptions and applicability of the SIMS model.

Oralizations in e-mail consultations: A study of general practitioners’ use of non-verbal cues in written doctor–patient communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-211
Author(s):  
Maja Nordtug ◽  
Jane Ege Møller ◽  
Signe Schlichting Matthiesen ◽  
Matilde Nisbeth Brøgger
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Patient Communication ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Spelling Errors ◽  
Doctor Patient Communication ◽  
E Mail

It is well-known that non-verbal cues are essential in doctor–patient communication. As doctor–patient communication is turning increasingly digital and written, it becomes relevant to explore the role of non-verbal cues in such communication genres. One more recent genre is the doctor–patient e-mail consultation. Research has found that while patients like e-mail consultations, they also miss facial expressions, eye contact, etc. In this study, we explored the different ways in which Danish GPs use non-verbal cues in e-mail consultations. We analysed 633 e-mail consultations written by 22 GPs. We applied the concept of oralization, which includes the use of emoticons and non-standard use of grammar and spatial arrangement. We found that the dominant types of oralizations were non-corrected spelling errors and lack of attention to capitalization. Overall, GPs used a limited number of other non-verbal cues. We discuss how these findings relate to norms of formality and professional context.

Facial Expressions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Ekman
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion

The argument about whether facial expressions of emotion are universal or culture-specific goes back more than 100 years. This chapter reviews the different kinds of evidence that support universals in expression and cultural differences. I will present eight challenges to that evidence, and how those challenges have been met by proponents of universality. I will try to present the evidence and counterarguments as fairly as I can, so that readers can make up their own minds.

scholarly journals Exploring Cultural Differences in the Extent to Which People Perceive and Desire Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Hornsey ◽  
Katharine H. Greenaway ◽  
Emily A. Harris ◽  
Paul G. Bain
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Desire For Control ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples ◽  
Collectivist Cultures

In a seminal theory piece, Weisz and colleagues argued that control over one’s environment was less attainable and desirable in Japan than in America. Subsequently, many scholars have extrapolated from this argument to claim broad-based cultural differences in control: that Western/individualist cultures perceive and desire more personal control over their environment than do Eastern/collectivist cultures. Yet surprisingly little empirical research has put this claim to the test. To test this notion, in Study 1 we examined perceived control over one’s life in 38 nationally representative samples ( N = 48,951). In Study 2, we measured desire for control in community samples across 27 nations ( N = 4,726). Together, the studies show lower levels of perceived and desired control in Japan than in any other nation. Over and above the Japan effect, there was no evidence for differences in perceived or desired control between individualist and collectivist nations, or between holistic and nonholistic nations.

Cultural Variations and the Global Organization

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabi S. Bhagat
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Sensitivity ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Global Organizations ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Global Organization

Cultural variations present significant challenges for managers, customers, and clients of global organizations. Cultures of the nations are enduring differences that have evolved for centuries and do not change easily. Without adequate consideration of cultural variations, the effective functioning of global organizations is nearly impossible. The classification of cultures on a national scale that is based on careful analysis should provide the context for expanding the operations of global organizations across nations. Some cultures function more effectively by taking into account the role of relationships, whereas others are more governed by rules and regulations that have existed for centuries. Working across these two distinct types of cultures is considerably difficult. This chapter discusses various strategies for dealing with such cultural differences. The topics of cultural intelligence, cultural sensitivity, cultural competence, and cultural distance among nations are presented.

scholarly journals Cross-Cultural Variations in Extreme Rejecting and Extreme Affirming Response Styles

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 955-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tieyuan Guo ◽  
Roy Spina
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Response Style ◽  
Response Styles ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Previous research has discussed cultural differences in moderacy vs extremity response styles. The present research found that cultural differences in response styles were more complex than previously speculated. We investigated cross-cultural variations in extreme rejecting versus affirming response biases. Although research has indicated that overall Chinese have less extreme responses than Westerners, the difference may be mainly driven by extreme rejecting responses because respondents consider answering survey questions as a way of interacting with researchers, and extreme rejecting responses may disrupt harmony in relationships, which is valued more in Chinese collectivistic culture than in Western individualistic cultures. Studies 1 and 2 revealed that Chinese had less extreme rejecting response style than did British, whereas they did not differ in extreme affirming response style. Study 2 further revealed that the cross-cultural asymmetry in extreme rejecting versus affirming response styles was partially accounted for by individualism orientation at the individual level. Consistently, Study 3 revealed that at the country level, individualism was positively associated with extreme rejecting response style, but was not associated with extreme affirming response style, suggesting that individualism accounted for the asymmetric cultural variation in extreme rejecting versus affirming response styles.

scholarly journals Cultural variations in whether, why, how, and at what cost people are proactive: A followership perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 204138662096052
Author(s):  
Tina Urbach ◽  
Deanne N. Den Hartog ◽  
Doris Fay ◽  
Sharon K. Parker ◽  
Karoline Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Work Behaviors ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Societal Culture ◽  
Implicit Followership Theories

The objective of this conceptual article is to illustrate how differences in societal culture may affect employees’ proactive work behaviors (PWBs) and to develop a research agenda to guide future research on cross-cultural differences in PWBs. We propose that the societal cultural dimensions of power distance, individualism–collectivism, future orientation, and uncertainty avoidance shape individuals’ implicit followership theories (IFTs). We discuss how these cross-cultural differences in individuals’ IFTs relate to differences in the mean-level of PWB individuals show ( whether), in the motivational states driving individuals’ PWBs ( why), in the way individuals’ enact PWBs ( how), and in the evaluation of PWBs by others ( at what cost). We recommend how future research can extend this theorizing and unpack the proposed cross-cultural differences in PWBs, for example, by exploring how culture and other contextual variables interact to affect PWBs.

scholarly journals Cultural Variations in Evaluation of Creative Work: A Comparison of Russian and Emirati Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoliy V. Kharkhurin ◽  
Sergey R. Yagolkovskiy
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Implicit Theory ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Undergraduate College Students

The study investigates how cultural variations influence evaluation of creative work. Russian and Emirati undergraduate college students were asked to judge alien creature drawings produced by their country mates in previous studies’ structured imagination test. We found cultural differences in creativity judgment. Emirati participants’ judgments were significantly lower than Russian participants’ judgments. We also found that Russians judged their compatriots significantly higher than the Emirati judged their compatriots. Russians also judged foreigners significantly lower than the Emirati judged foreigners. These findings were speculatively placed in the context of the cultural differences in the implicit theory of creativity.

scholarly journals Emotional Intelligence as a Haruspex of Societal Aftermath in Adults with Asperger Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjali Daisy
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Asperger Syndrome ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Asperger's Syndrome ◽  
Asperger’S Syndrome ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Interaction Domain ◽  
Emotional Cues ◽  
The Social ◽  
Socially Isolated

Asperger’s syndrome is not a learning disability and it has features of autism spectrum disorder, nonverbal learning disabilities and ADHD. Asperger syndrome in the context of the domains within which some of those characteristics occur. To begin with social interaction and then move to language and then move to other “in the social interaction domain. Individuals with Asperger’s syndrome tend to have limited and sometime inappropriate kinds of behaviours in the social interaction domain. They have difficulties with nonverbal communication For example they have hard time reading gestures or facial expressions and sometimes their gesture and facial expressions, don’t communicate what it is that they’re thinking and feeling they often have difficulties understanding emotional cues so they miscue when listening to someone or watching somebody they may then say something inappropriate or they may repeat something that isn’t appropriate to the situation. Because they’re miss reading the social aspect of the situation or the emotional aspect of the situation. Individuals with Asperger’s are often seen to have low eye contact either not making good eye contact or sustaining good eye contact and in this social interaction domain. Those with Asperger’s tend also to be at risk for not having many friends, they tend to be socially isolated in the language area. Those with Asperger’s often are extremely verbal, highly verbal and their language can be very sophisticated at times what they do, when they’re talking is that they tend to discuss themselves and their interests and not focus on the interests of others. It can be a one-sided conversation and some of that prosody the flow the reciprocal flow between one person another can be awkward they tend to be literal in the ways that they understand language”.

scholarly journals First Impressions, Cultural Assimilation, and Hireability in Job Interviews: Examining Body Language and Facial Expressions' Impact on Employer's Perceptions of Applicants

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Cortez ◽  
David Marshall ◽  
Cydi Yang ◽  
Loc Luong
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Body Language ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Job Interviews ◽  
Communication Behaviors ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
College Age ◽  
Interview Setting

The purpose of this study was to discover what nonverbal facial behaviors are important in an interview setting. This was done by conducting interviews with eight current employers as well as four college age persons who have recently interviewed for a job. As a result, the data suggests that the two main facial behaviors sought by employers in the interview of the applicant were smiling and eye contact. Other nonverbal communication behaviors were analyzed as well. These findings will allow people to be better prepared and be more conscious of what they are displaying in the interview setting in the terms of nonverbal facial cues when interviewing for a future career.

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