Beyond one-way streets: The interaction of phonology, morphology, and culture with orthography

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 280-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine E. L. Beveridge ◽  
Thomas H. Bak
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Universal Models ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Diverse Data ◽  
Models Of Reading

AbstractFrost's claim that universal models of reading require linguistically diverse data is relevant and justified. We support it with evidence demonstrating the extent of the bias towards some Indo-European languages and alphabetic scripts in scientific literature. However, some of his examples are incorrect, and he neglects the complex interaction of writing system and language structure with history and cultural environment.

Visual word recognition models should also be constrained by knowledge about the visual system

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 287-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Gomez ◽  
Sarah Silins
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Universal Models ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Models Of Reading ◽  
Reading Models

AbstractFrost's article advocates for universal models of reading and critiques recent models that concentrate in what has been described as “cracking the orthographic code.” Although the challenge to develop models that can account for word recognition beyond Indo-European languages is welcomed, we argue that reading models should also be constrained by general principles of visual processing and object recognition.

Verb inflection in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit and auxiliation patterns in French and Italian

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nunzio La Fauci ◽  
Liana Tronci
Keyword(s):  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Verb Inflection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Verb Inflections ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

This paper deals with the complex interaction between form and function in the verb morphosyntax of four Indo-European languages (French, Italian, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit). Beyond the difference in form, auxiliation patterns in French and Italian, and verb inflections in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit correlate, thanks to the agreement for number and person, to the expression of the relationship with the Subject. The different auxiliation patterns (sum and habeo) and the different inflections (middle and active) correlate to different properties of the Subject. In particular, these forms depend on the syntactic opposition between middle and non-middle. The ways of this dependency are regulated and systematic, although they appear fuzzy and chaotic, not only if the four languages are compared to each other, but also if different morphosyntactic combinations, inside the same language, are concerned.

The emblematic script of the Aztec codices as a particular semiotic type of writing system

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-275
Author(s):  
Liudmila L. Fedorova
Keyword(s):  
Writing System ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Common Content

This paper addresses the use of emblems in the representation of language units in writing systems. The emblematic principle works in the early stages of writing as a transition to morphosyllabic writing; the Aztec manuscripts show the most typical examples of this. Phono-emblems function as subtitles or inscriptions to the pictorial compositions of common content. Language structure should be noted as one of the factors constraining the development of the Aztec script. It may be the polysynthesism of the structure of the Nahuatl language, which allows long series of syllables within an incorporative complex. Emblems are restricted to a certain number of positions, so they may not have been able to maintain the strict order of a morpheme row, as needed for predicative phrase; only name phrases with more transparent/predictable structure could be written phonetically. In modern writing, the emblematic principle is used along with the linearity principle: while the latter unrolls the text in the consequent order, the former represents hierarchic information as an integral graphic composition.

The development of structural characteristics of Brahmi script in derivative writing systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmila L. Fedorova
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Unique Source

Indian writing systems reveal a great variety of graphic forms, proceeding from the unique source which is Brahmi script. These graphic forms render structural oppositions developed in phonographic writing systems which stem from Brahmi. This paper aims to highlight the changes scripts underwent to satisfy demands of language structure. The comparison raises the issue of the complexity of writing systems. Keywords: writing system; grapheme; typology; Brahmi; abugida; alphasyllabary; akshara; diacritic; graphon; vowel differentiation

Description of Thai as an isolating language

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Minegishi
Keyword(s):  
Serial Verb Constructions ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Serial Verb ◽  
Basic Sentence

The article illustrates morphosyntactic characteristics of Thai, an isolating language, in contrast to the modern European languages. Thai is characterized as a topic-prominent language, where the voluntary–spontaneous contrast rather than transitive–intransitive one plays significant roles in forming basic sentence constructions. By assuming non-hierarchical serial verb constructions as its basic sentence structures, the author claims that the modern hierarchical view of language structure is not appropriate for Thai. In Thai, verbs are serialized to denote not only successive actions or an action and its objective, but also a cause and its result, an action and its evaluation. Furthermore, causative and passive constructions are analyzed as part of verb serializations which are structurally identical, but antiparallel to each other in the direction of affectedness.

scholarly journals Slang in Its Cultural Environment

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2 (5)) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
Gurgen Gevorgyan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Daily Newspapers ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Interesting Area

The non-standard vocabulary of the English language has always been an interesting area of research. The 20th century saw an increase in this interest. Non-standard words and phrases started finding their ways into dictionaries, linguistic journals and even daily newspapers. However, it is still difficult to draw a strict distinction between the standard and non-standard vocabulary, since, as is known, language undergoes constant development. As a result, the same word that used to be considered as non-standard about 20 years ago, can be viewed as quite standard nowadays. Slang is a non-standard form of English. It is a lexical novelty in a certain cultural environment. It is equally existent in all languages and cultures. Many Indo-European languages are rich in slang words and phrases.

scholarly journals Derivatization of the Word-forming Model “OWN-ALIEN”in the Japanese Language against the Background of Historical Dynamics of theJapanese Writing System Forms Development: Diachronic and Syncronic Aspects

2018 ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
V. Pyrogov
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Cultural Paradigm ◽  
Historical Dynamics ◽  
The Moment

The paper attempts to study the conditions of historical origin and subsequent derivatization of the basic word-formation model “own-alien” in the Japanese language against the background of historical dynamics of the Japanese writing system development. Despite the fact that Japan and the Japanese are considered genetically isolated from the rest of the world, they repeatedly had to face the influence of external factors, in particular, to perceive and assimilate the norms and stereotypes of foreign cultures and languages, while preserving their national identity and integrity, and at the same time, to improve their own language and culture, resulting in the formation of a highly original and unique language that can be characterized as syncretic – Japanese-Chinese – with inclusion at present time of lexical elements from European languages, mainly English. The Japanese pattern of thinking has been periodically restructured throughout the history of the formation and development of their civilization. And every time at the moment of cardinal transformation of their culture one of the important if not the main factor was writing system, which served as a special mean of adjusting their culture and mentality. In recent decades, the algorithm of Japanese thinking has changed, adapting to the conditions of a new historical format (which corresponds to the synchronous type of thinking), while the Japanese writing largely preserves the traditional form, which corresponds mainly to the archaic type of thinking. As a result, objective cultural and psychological contradictions arise, and at the same time a need to find a way out of this difficult situation emerges, perhaps by further reforming the existing system of writing, creating a more adequate system of written signs that would correspond to the imperatives of the modern socio-cultural paradigm.

scholarly journals “Partisan requiem” by H. Sommerro: the peculiarities of interaction between liturgical and author’s verses in the context of the musical drama

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Nina Ivanovna Devyataikina ◽  
Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyashova
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Sacred Music ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Musical Score ◽  
Musical Drama ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Liturgical Texts ◽  
The One ◽  
Formed Model

The research object is the sacred music of a well-known Norwegian composer Henning Sommerro (born 1952), one of the bright components of his multifaceted creative work. The present article is the first work within the Russian scientific literature analyzing this aspect through the prism of one of the key works of the composer. The authors are also the first to introduce the complete musical score of the composition into the scientific discourse. Along with the recordings, it helps to understand how the composer manages to successfully combine the liturgical and secular components, the poetical and musical texts, and how they outline the modern musical directions. The research subject is the musical drama and expressive means of the “Partisan Requiem” (2000) by Sommerro performed by the combined Russian-Norwegian choir (Murmansk, 2019). The research shows that the composer keeps the graphic structure of the historically formed model of the genre. Owing to the musical expressive means and “citation”, demonstrating the postmodernist practices of the composer, the genre becomes recognizable, denoting the important “memory spaces”. At the same time, in terms of drama, Latin and Norwegian texts are “arranged” according to the internal connection, the monologue inclusions of the narrator are often accompanied with a reduced orchestra, whose timbre and color, on the one hand, thematically unite the Norwegian texts with the graphic and musical sphere of the composition, and on the other hand, deepen the understanding of the ideas underlying them. The briefness of poetic verses strengthens the importance of each of them; they are rhythmically linked to liturgical texts thus helping to create a single lexical and musical fabric of the composition by means of a complex interaction of the choir, the orchestra, the soloists and the actor-narrator.   

Study of the relationships between articular moments, comfort and human posture on a chair

Work ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (s1) ◽  
pp. S59-S68
Author(s):  
Nicola Cappetti ◽  
Emmanuel Di Manso
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Experimental Comparison ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Comfort Evaluation ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Contact Pressures

BACKGROUND: One of the aspects that influences the sitting comfort is the distribution of the pressure applied to the skin by the seat surface. In the scientific literature, many studies show experimental activities in order to evaluate the influence of pressure distribution at the seat-human interface on the comfort evaluation. The main limitation in seat design is based on the difficulties to predict the contact pressures distribution without prototypes because of the complex interaction among body muscles, wearing, human’s anthropometric characteristics, shape and materials of the seat. Moreover, the same human can assume different postures on the same seat, and different people, seated on the same chair, can assume different postures even if they have the same anthropometric percentile. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to propose a mathematical model evaluating interaction loads between human segments and seat segments. METHOD: In this model, a human body represented by 8 segments is placed on a 6 segments seat with posture dependent on seat segments and on position of the coccyx on seat and feet on floor. Human segments can be configured in length and weight and friction between body and seat is considered. A model validation study based on an experimental comparison with contact pressures is also presented. RESULTS: The experiment showed that there is a remarkable recursion of some stress values of the articular joints of the pelvis, hip and knee. By imposing these values in the calculation model, it is possible to determine, for each chair configuration, which postures will be assumed by a person, and to make a preliminary assessment of the level of comfort possible.

scholarly journals Tendencies of Recreational Landscape Formation in Southeastern Baltic Seaside Resorts after 1990. Case of the Palanga Resort

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelija Jankauskaitė ◽  
Petras Grecevičius
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Current State ◽  
Seaside Resort ◽  
Resort Development ◽  
Landscape Formation ◽  
Eastern Baltic

Abstract The goal is to analyze the tendencies of the formation of recreational landscape of the Palanga resort and, after reviewing the planning experiences of other south-eastern Baltic resorts, present measures for landscape optimization. To achieve this, an analysis of changes of the seaside recreational landscape after 1990, the current state of resorts, scientific literature, and seaside resort planning was conducted. After assessing the changes in the recreational landscape, it has been noticed that for a quarter of the last century, planning of seaside resorts was aimed at attracting and accommodating an increasing number of holidaymakers, which caused an ever increasing need to intensify the construction in the territories, increasing the scale of buildings, and urbanizing natural territories without taking into consideration the existing natural and cultural environment. Natural, anthropogenic and social factors are affecting the recreational landscape of seaside resorts, which are important in the context of resort development and regional development. The article presents the means of Palanga resort optimization based on these factors.

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