UKRAINIAN OIKONYMS MOTIVATED BY PLANT NAMES: STRUCTURAL, WORD-FORMATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES

The article analyzes structural, word-formation and morphological peculiarities of Ukrainian oikonyms motivated by plant names. The conducted research of fixed in the «History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR» and «Administrative and Territorial System of Ukraine» for 2019 (current list of Ukrainian oikonyms) confirmed the opinion of many linguists that the most productive way of creating names of settlements is the suffixation, on the other hand, far fewer units are formed with the help of compounding and prefixation. The following groups were distinguished on the basis of the analysis of oikonym-phrases formed from plant names: oikonym-phrase in which the noun is motivated by the plant name and the adjective indicates colour; oikonym-phrases in which one of the components is in the most cases an adjective motivated by plant name, and the main noun is one of the types of landscape, etc. We have considered some interesting oikonym-phrases which occur in all regions of Ukraine, for example, с. Кисла Дубина, с. Красні Лози, с. Мокра Рокитна etc. Some of the names of settlements have been significantly influenced by the Russian language, especially at the morphological level.

FRENCH ORAL SPEECH CORPORA: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS

The paper describes the issues of the origin, development, distribution and use of French oral speech corpora. The specifics of collecting, constituting and treatment of oral data were also analyzed. The choice of the French investigation tradition was caused by the fact that it is not well-known in Ukrainian corpus research. It was noted that the development of oral speech corpora by French researchers occurred with a delay, mainly due to technical reasons. The compilers of early collections of sound texts followed their own rules of recording, transcribing and saving, so today it is almost impossible to use them. Based on the analysis of the available speech corpora, it was found that they are characterized by heterogeneity, a variety of purposes for their creating, including scientific ones, and blurred chronological boundaries. Dissimilarity in researchers’ epistemological orientations, differences in knowledge and tools, corpora’s heterogeneousness involve a diversity of methodological approaches to their constitution and usage. It is worth mentioning that the insufficiency of big and multi-level oral speech corpora in terms of their quantity, quality and scientific reliability, is directly related to the conditions of their implementation and depends on a combination of scientific, technological and institutional factors. Oral data treatment involves transcription, which includes technological, theoretical and interpretation issues. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that the constitution and the use of French speech corpora are not limited to voice recordings and purely technical aspects as they acquire importance in the openness and availability of their data.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES: KEEPING UP WITH THE TIMES

English language education, especially in light of the status of English as present-day lingua franca, has become a prolific field of research, and no less prolific area of practical application internationally. Through a critical literature review, the current study addresses one of its most prominent subfields – English for Academic Purposes – with special emphasis on academic writing. We briefly touch upon its evolution and identify the terminological ambiguities involved in EAP conceptualization within the broader framework of ESP (English for Specific Purposes). By examining the changes that academic English is undergoing today due to the overwhelming influence of L2 speakers’ varieties (termed “similects” by Anna Mauranen), we elucidate how English as a Lingua Franca movement can benefit and enrich EAP pedagogic practice. We also discuss how EAP fits within the latest CEFR guidelines, paying close attention to mediating skills, critical thinking and integrative thinking skills, which, as we argue, need to be more extensively incorporated into academic writing instruction. We discuss the rationale and the methodological principles of English for Research Publication Purposes as a new offshoot of EAP, which combines genre-based instruction with the exploration of multiple non-linguistic issues, involved in academic publishing, such as interaction with editors and gatekeepers, choosing a suitable journal, navigating the review process. We hope to demonstrate that EAP teaching, and especially academic writing instruction, is in need of major revision to overcome the yawning gap that currently exists between theory and practice.

ENGLISH TERMS BORROWING INTO GERMAN LANGUAGE

The article analyzes and characterizes the phenomenon of English words’ borrowing into German language. The aim of the article is to find out the causes and consequences of this process. The peculiarities of recent borrowings have been studied, taking into account the impact of coronavirus pandemic, problems of gender inequality, environmental, political and other factors that influence the German vocabulary. Except for these factors there is still the influence of scientific and technological progress, the increase in the flow of information and the need to transmit information globally as quickly as possible alongside with the tendency for conciseness and accuracy. Also Duden dictionaries are described as a source of reflection on modern German. The authors state that in the beginning of the XXI century, in particularly in the year 2020, the process of English vocabulary borrowing into German has greatly increased and now is the most intensive for the entire period of this borrowing. With the dynamic development of globalization, internationalization and the strengthening of the status of English as an international language and other reasons such borrowings are inevitable and it is prognosed that this intensive borrowing will be even more dynamic. German philologists and politicians have already begun worrying about this process and the threat of quick language changes, therefore ways of minimizing this process are being discussed.

SEMANTIC AND CONCEPTUAL FEATURES OF THE SLOGANS OF MODERN SOCIAL ADVERTISING DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to the study of modern social advertising as a special type of advertising discourse. The article considers the semantic and conceptual features of the construction of advertising slogans and analyzes the functions of the advertising slogan in the context of its positive impact on potential audience. The slogans of social advertising were divided into six subgroups and the structural, pragmatic, conceptual and semantic features of the units belonging to each subgroup were analyzed. The concepts of French social advertising are mainly centered around two general categories: “threat” and “protection”. The vast majority of advertising slogans are built in such way as to make people think about the imaginary threat and make them think about possible options for protection against it. Basing on the bipolarity of these two conceptual circles, we analyzed the lexical and semantic structure of social advertising slogans and demonstrated which semes are mainly used to achieve the maximum effect on the potential audience. Based on the study of semantic and conceptual features of French social advertising, we concluded that the concept of THREAT in French social advertising is transmitted by the following lexemes and phrases: “illness”, “suffering”, “limited physical and social capabilities”, “disability”, “inability to enjoy life”, “death”. And the concept of PROTECTION is represented by the units “tolerance”, “equality”, “gender equality” and “non-discrimination”.

THE CONCEPT REFUGEE IN THE DISCOURSE OF NEW MEDIA (Case Study of Government Media and Social Networks of Germany)

The article deals with the study of the concept REFUGEE/FLÜCHTLING in the discourse of the new media of Germany in 2015 – the year which was characterized by the highest level of asylum seekers in the country. Based on the results of the content analysis, the positional narratives and thematic groups of lexical markers representing the official position and the position of the civil society (in the social media content) have been defined. The discourse-analysis proved that in the German infosphere there is a “battle of narratives” between the official media which put into action a systemic government policy of friendly treatment of refugees – «Willkommenskultur», and social networks which also manifest an unfavourable attitude towards asylum seekers – from critical to totally negative. It has been established that the concept REFUGEE/FLÜCHTLING has a discourse-forming function in both official and unofficial media in Germany where it has negative connotations, thereby revealing the «battle of narratives» and the «battle of discourses». It has been concluded that there is a single government communication strategy in the issue of refugees and a corresponding system of organization of official new media communications which broadcast the government’s position with a focus on conceptual worldviews of different target audiences of the country. The study was carried out using the Big Data technology, which contributed to obtaining of valid results.

LINGUO-SUGGESTIVE POTENTIAL OF ANCHORING TECHNOLOGY IN THE DISCOURSE OF FOOTBALL FANS (based on German language)

The article reveals the results of the study of the linguo–suggestive potential of the football fans discourse. It is found out that the discourse of fans is built in the paradigm of “us – them” and is aimed at forming a certain emotional state of the discursive community, which involves the implementation of linguo-suggestive influence. It is proved that anchoring technique is one of the leading techniques of neuro-linguistic programming in the communication of a fan group as a discursive community. The research presents an algorhythm for its implementation, which has six stages: 1) determining the situation, 2) creating the key anchor-stimulus, 3) finding the image-standard in the minds of the community, 4) forming the image presentation, 5) choosing the channel of broadcasting, 6) ensuring synergy through verbal and nonverbal means. Video recordings, publications and posts of football fans of German lingual culture on the Internet (on the example of protest discourses) became the empirical material for the study of anchoring technique. The research material proved that three types of broadcast channels are used in discourse: visual, audio and kinesthetic. The effectiveness of the impact is achieved through their complex combination and the use of verbal and nonverbal semiotic signs. The article singles out and analyzes the means of spelling, graphic, lexical-semantic and grammatical-stylistic levels due to which the pragmatic effect is achieved.

OCCASIONALISM AS A MEAN FOR CREATING COMIC EFFECT IN UKRAINIAN HUMOROUS AND SATIRICAL POETRY OF THE 1950s–1980s (a Case Study of Valentyn Lagoda’s Literary Works)

From the perspective of modern linguistic theory, the paper deals with author’s neologisms, or occasionalisms, as one of the vivid lexical means of creating comic effect in Valentyn Lagoda’s poetic works. Author’s neosemantisms and occasionalisms were singled out in the humorist’s texts. They are formed in morphological and non-morphological way and are aimed at designating people by the type of activity. Occasional proper names with transparent internal semantics, nouns-composites and occasional abbreviations are also in the focus of the study. The paper clarifies the semantics of these items, the way they were formed, their functions in the text what allowed to reveal a specific nature of the fragments of collective lingual model of the world in the Soviet epoch that was related to critical attitude and condemnation of the certain things in the society of that time. The emphasis is maid on the historical factors which provoked the emergence of the author’s neologisms, in particular ridiculazation of some situations and some people which believed to be unacceptable for the Soviet society. Temporal and situational conditionality of the author’s neologism leads to the fact that modern readers often do not understand the meanings of those occasionalisms which seemed so funny half a century ago.

GENDER VS GRAMMATICAL GENDER IN MODERN ENGLISH

The article highlights paradigm shift in the Category of Gender triggered by expansion of gender roles spectrum in western world. This category is not reduced to the binary opposition of masculine and feminine any more and does not balance binary oppositions of grammatical gender and biological sex. To categorize new gender identities English naming and word-formation patterns and basic gender terms (male, female, masculine, feminine) were used. Some initialisms, firstly LGTB, gender derivatives were borrowed by other languages as English neologisms. In the 21st century gender-related coinages in Modern English are mushrooming. Mass Media give wide coverage of LGBT movement, fight for their rights, contribution of celebrities to spread and popularization of LGBT culture. New gender identities triggered extension of the initialism LGTB to LGTBQIA+ where the mathematical symbol stands for other diversities unindentified by letters and words yet. Gender diversity will pose the question about appropriate pronouns, so changes within grammatical gender. Mass media texts give numerous examples of increasing gender terms combinability in English, new contexts and make it possible to conclude that LGBT lexico-semantc group in present-day English is developing rapidly. Social trends, naming patterns in English, cognitive mechanisms behind them pose multiple questions about categorization, correlation of biological sex, gender diversities and grammatical gender in English and other languages.

THE ANECDOTE: ITS DEFINITION, LINGUAL FEATURES AND FUNCTIONAL ORIENTATION

The article is a study of typical language means that take part in actualizing the text of an anecdote in the process of communication. It also substantiates functional specificity of an anecdote, its genre features as well as advances a generalized linguistic definition of the anecdote as a small form folk text. The author suggests viewing the anecdote as a small entertaining didactic story with a witty ending based on the facts from life of historical figures or ordinary people. This story, being the product of comic collective reflection on a relevant social situation or a natural change in human values, reflects national, mental and human experience accumulated by the societ in order to achieve an entertaining or criticizing effect. The hierarchical system of the functions of an anecdote is described in the paper by their following sequence: general didactic function → creative-and-teaching pragmatic orientation → entertaining-and-educational purpose. As a result of studying the specificity of lingual means’ actualization in the text of an anecdote, the author summarizes typical characteristics of the genre of an anecdote as follows: conciseness, light-heartedness, folk origin, dialogical directionality, evaluative and argumentative nature, which consists in language play and sound play in the anecdote actualization. Attention is focused on the fact that prosodic organization of an anecdote is the most significant means for correlating the two-dimensional semantics of its text against the background of other lingual means.