Learning from cerebellar lesions about the temporal and spatial aspects of saccadic control

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-688
Author(s):  
Alain Guillaume ◽  
Laurent Goffart ◽  
Denis Pélisson
Keyword(s):  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parallel Processes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Cerebellar Lesions ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Salience Map ◽  
Made In ◽  
Take All

In the model proposed by Findlay & Walker, the programming of saccadic eye movements is achieved by two parallel processes, one dedicated to the coding of saccade metrics (Where) and the other controlling saccade initiation (When). One outcome of the “winner-take-all” characteristics of the salience map, the main node of the model, is an independence between the metrics and the latency of saccades. We report on some observations, made in the head-unrestrained cat under pathological conditions, of a correlation between accuracy and latency of saccadic gaze shifts. To account for such a correlation, the link between metrics specification (Where) and saccade triggering (When) should be amended in the model.

Précis: Our Moral Fate: Evolution And The Escape From Tribalism

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-448
Author(s):  
Allen Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Take All

Abstract The book uses evolutionary principles to explain tribalism, a way of thinking and acting that divides the world into Us versus Them and achieves cooperation within a group at the expense of erecting insuperable obstacles to cooperation among groups. Tribalism represents political controversies as supreme emergencies in which ordinary moral constraints do not apply and as zero-sum, winner take all contests. Tribalism not only undermines democracy by ruling out compromise, bargaining, and respect for the Other; it also reverses one of the most important milestones of progress in how we understand morality: the insight that morality is not a list of commands to be unthinkingly followed, but rather that morality centrally involves the giving and taking of reasons among equals. Tribalism rejects this insight by branding the Other as a being who is incapable of reasoning.

How are saccades generated?

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Findlay ◽  
Robin Walker
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Saccade Control ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Salience Map ◽  
Made In

Our target article discussed how emerging knowledge of the physiological processes involved in the control of saccadic eye movements provided the basis for a functional framework in which to understand the programming of such movements. The commentators raised many interesting issues in their varied responses that ranged from detailed discussion of the physiological substrate through issues of saccade control in reading. New evidence at the physiological level demonstrates that some elaborations are needed to the framework we proposed. Most clearly, the spatial selection process operates in a manner different from our suggestion of an increase in activity in the salience map. Some commentators make the interesting and welcome proposal that the functional processes we outline may in fact be implemented with an even more unified physiological substrate (continuity between collicular fixation and build-up cells) than we envisaged. Extensions to the framework are discussed involving the planning of sequential saccades, saccades made in crossmodal situations, the influences of learning and memory, and binocular saccades. We consider carefully the commentaries proposing explicit attentional and/or executive processes in the programming of saccades. We integrate the comments of researchers investigating saccade control in neurological and neuropsychiatric patients and finally discuss whether the framework can account for saccades made in the course of reading.

The Influence of Intracellular Transport Developmenttransport on Axonal Development

1997 ◽  
Vol 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.G.E. Hentschel ◽  
A. Fine
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neuronal Growth ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Axonal Development ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Take All

AbstractWe describe how axonal differentiation during neuronal growth is dependent on intracellular transport. The interaction of diffusion and active transport of a morphogen whose concentration at the neurite tips influences the growth rate can lead to an instability involving winner-take-all growth, forming a single, quickly growing neurite (the axon) and inhibiting the growth of the other neurites. We discuss the dynamics of this process and its dependence on cell parameters.

Oculomotor capture by abrupt onsets reveals concurrent programming of voluntary and involuntary saccades

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur F. Kramer ◽  
David E. Irwin ◽  
Jan Theeuwes ◽  
Sowon Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Programming ◽  
Abrupt Onset ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Oculomotor Capture ◽  
Voluntary Saccade ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Saccade Preparation ◽  
Salience Map ◽  
Take All

In several recent experiments we have found that the eyes are often captured by the appearance of a sudden onset in a display, even though subjects intend to move their eyes elsewhere. Very brief fixations are made on the abrupt onset before the eyes complete their intended movement to the previously defined target. These results indicate concurrent programming of a voluntary saccade to the defined saccade target and an involuntary saccade to the sudden onset. This is inconsistent with the idea that a single salience map determines the location of a saccade in a winner-take-all fashion. Other results indicate that subjects attend to more than one location in a display during saccade preparation, contrary to the claim that covert attentional scanning plays no role in saccade generation.

Oppressed ‘Self/Selves’

2019 ◽  
pp. 111-138
Author(s):  
Mimasha Pandit
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Made In

An attempt has been made in this chapter to show how performance, with all its attributes, became a temporal and spatial arena for communicating/transforming the notion of nationhood, as conceived by the performer-ideologue, into the understanding/comprehension of the audience. Therefore, it is at this juncture that we have to pay close attention to understand the process of transubstantiation and how it engendered an emotional bond/nationhood that substituted one meaning for the other, and the muted voices found release in the nuanced perception of a Swadeshi nationhood.

The origin of neuronal polarization: a model of axon formation

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1344) ◽  
pp. 1147-1156 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Neurite Growth ◽  
Growth Cones ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Neuronal Polarization ◽  
Take All

During development, most neurons become polarized when one neurite, generally the longest, becomes the axon and the other neurites become dendrites. The physical mechanism responsible for such lengthrelated differentiation has not been established. Here, we present a model of neuronal polarization based upon the existence of a ‘determinant chemical’ whose concentration at the neurite tips influences the growth rate of the neurite. Over an extended parameter range, the equations describing the formation, transport, and consumption of this chemical and the resulting neurite growth undergo a winner-take-all instability, yielding rapid growth of one neurite (the axon) and diminished growth of all others. The behaviour of this model agrees well with the results of axotomy experiments and experiments in which growth-modulating substances are applied to individual growth cones. Possible candidates for the determinant chemical are discussed, and further experiments are proposed to test the model.

On the Future of the Financial Redistribution across Member States in the EU

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Sándor Richter
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Member States ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
Cross Member ◽  
Expenditure Structure ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Made In

The order and modalities of cross-member state redistribution as well as the net financial position of the member states are one of the most widely discussed aspects of European integration. The paper addresses selected issues in the current debate on the EU budget for the period 2007 to 2013 and introduces four scenarios. The first is identical to the European Commission's proposal; the second is based on reducing the budget to 1% of the EU's GNI, as proposed by the six net-payer countries, while maintaining the expenditure structure of the Commission's proposal. The next two scenarios represent radical reforms: one of them also features a '1% EU GNI'; however, the expenditures for providing 'EU-wide value-added' are left unchanged and it is envisaged that the requisite cuts will be made in the expenditures earmarked for cohesion. The other reform scenario is different from the former one in that the cohesion-related expenditures are left unchanged and the expenditures for providing 'EU-wide value-added' are reduced. After the comparison of the various scenarios, the allocation of transfers to the new member states in terms of the conditions prevailing in the different scenarios is analysed.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Tenun Pahang Fabrics using Alternative Yarns

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Engku Liyana Zafirah Engku Mohd Suhaimi ◽  
Jamil Salleh ◽  
Suzaini Abd Ghani ◽  
Mohamad Faizul Yahya ◽  
Mohd Rozi Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silk Fabrics ◽  
Recovery Angle ◽  
Made In

An investigation on the properties of Tenun Pahang fabric performances using alternative yarns was conducted. The studies were made in order to evaluate whether the Tenun Pahang fabric could be produced economically and at the same time maintain the fabric quality. Traditional Tenun Pahang fabric uses silk for both warp and weft. For this project, two alternative yarns were used which were bamboo and modal, which were a little lower in cost compared to silk. These yarns were woven with two variations, one with the yarns as weft only while maintaining the silk warp and the other with both warp and weft using the alternative yarns. Four (4) physical testings and three (3) mechanical testings conducted on the fabric samples. The fabric samples were evaluated including weight, thickness, thread density, crease recovery angle, stiffness and drapability. The results show that modal/silk and bamboo silk fabrics are comparable in terms of stiffness and drapability, hence they have the potential to replace 100% silk Tenun Pahang.

Intermedialität

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Caduff ◽  
Sabina Gebhardt Fink ◽  
Florian Keller ◽  
Steffen Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Systematic Description ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
Music Literature ◽  
Music Film ◽  
Made In

Intermedialität wird hier systematisch an Musik, Literatur, visuelle Kunst und Film dargestellt. Den Anfang machen allgemeine Überlegungen zu Materialität und Medium in diesen verschiedenen Künsten. Im Weiteren werden unter dem Aspekt ›Bimedialität‹ verschiedene Beispiele vorgestellt, die jeweils aus zwei Medien bestehen (z.B. Musikfilm, das Lied oder Schriftbilder). Dabei folgen wir der Frage, ob und wie jeweils eines der beiden Medien eine Vorrangstellung bekommt. Der abschließende Teil behandelt „intermediale Bezüge in Monomedialität“. Hier geht es um monomediale Darstellungen, denen aber eine Beschäftigung mit einem anderen Medium vorangegangen ist. Das ist etwa dann der Fall, wenn ein Schriftsteller über ein Bild schreibt, ohne daß dieses (im Text) zu sehen ist. In this article, we offer a systematic description of intermedia relations across music, literature, the visual arts, and film. Beginning with some general reflections on materiality and medium in these diverse fields of art, we then offer various examples consisting of two media (e.g. music film, song, images in writing). We pursue the question if, and how, one of the two media may take priority over the other. In our conclusion, we deal with „intermedia relations in monomediality“. This section focuses on artistic representations made in one medium, but based on reflections on another medium. For instance, this is the case when a novelist writes about a picture without having this picture reprinted in the text.

RECYCLED BRICK SOUNDPROOF TEST AS AN ALTERNATIVE SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Hendrico Firzandy Latupeirissa ◽  
Gierlang Bhakti Putra ◽  
Niki Prastomo
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Comfort ◽  
Construction Waste ◽  
Coarse Grains ◽  
Made In

Brick debris that makes up the majority of construction waste has not received proper waste disposal in Indonesia. On the other hand, brick debris could be potentially reused as non-structural building materials to reduce its negative impact on the environment. This study aims to test the effectiveness of soundproofing on recycled brick debris. The soundproof test was carried out on brick debris in the form of fine and coarse grains. The simulation box is then used as a support for the brickwork material and then the box is exposed to a sound source with a certain level of noise that is considered disturbing human comfort. Noise level measurements are made in the outside and inside the box. These measurements are tabulated and then analyzed to see the success of the two aggregates in reducing noise. Basically, the brickwork material has succeeded in becoming a recycled building material that can absorb noise, although further research must be carried out to be able to state that this material is truly ready to be used as an alternative building material with good acoustic capabilities.

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