Cracking the Code: Narrative and Political Mobilization in the Greek Resistance

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Hart
Keyword(s):  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
History Of

That narrative can be more than a mechanical recitation of events is epitomized in Thucydides’ challenge to historiographical paradigms current during the fifth century B.C. In his definitive history of the war between Athens and Sparta, the Athenian general in effect tells a “story” with a beginning, middle, and end. Thucydides’ history of the Peloponnesian War is anything but a neutral description of events. Instead, the collection interprets the conflict for the reader. The tale contains a discussion of the role of alternative military strategies and of the war’s wider political implications. According to Thucydides, the fractionization and polarization engendered by war as a mode of resolving political conflicts is too high a price to pay for victors and losers alike. Thucydides warns of psychic as well as material costs. Thus, the ancient political scientist tells the story of the Peloponnesian War to assert that the “sequences of real events be assessed as to their significance as elements of a moral drama” (White 1987: 21).

scholarly journals Jesuit Sanctity: Hypothesizing the Continuity of a Hagiographic Narrative of the Modern Age

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Franco Motta ◽  
Eleonora Rai
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Late Medieval Period ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
History Of

Abstract The introduction to this special issue provides some considerations on early modern sanctity as a historical object. It firstly presents the major shifts in the developing idea of sanctity between the late medieval period and the nineteenth century, passing through the early modern construction of sanctity and its cultural, social, and political implications. Secondly, it provides an overview of the main sources that allow historians to retrace early modern sanctity, especially canonization records and hagiographies. Thirdly, it offers an overview of the ingenious role of the Society of Jesus in the construction of early modern sanctity, by highlighting its ability to employ, create, and play with hagiographical models. The main Jesuit models of sanctity are then presented (i.e., the theologian, the missionary, the martyr, the living saint), and an important reflection is reserved for the specific martyrial character of Jesuit sanctity. The introduction assesses the continuity of the Jesuit hagiographical discourse throughout the long history of the order, from the origins to the suppression and restoration.

Tissaphernes in Thucydides

1985 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Westlake
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Minor Characters ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opening Phase

Of all the leading personalities who left their imprint on the history of the Peloponnesian war Tissaphernes was to Thucydides the most enigmatic. Although judgements on the ability and character of individuals occur more frequently in the eighth book of the History than in other parts, Thucydides apparently did not feel himself to be in a position to include an explicit judgement on Tissaphernes. Nor does Tissaphernes, unlike many major and minor characters, receive even a brief descriptive introduction, though such introductions are also exceptionally plentiful in the eighth book. Thucydides has been successful in collecting an abundance of detailed information about the part played by Tissaphernes in the opening phase of the Ionian war and yet has failed to produce a satisfactory picture of him. In this paper attention will first be drawn to special problems arising in the case of Tissaphernes which do not arise in the presentation of other leading characters. My main purpose, however, is to attempt to establish that the account of him by Thucydides is basically inconsistent and that this inconsistency occurs because the material in the eighth book has not been fully integrated.One source of difficulty for Thucydides in writing about Tissaphernes was that he seems to have had little opportunity to acquire knowledge of Persia and the Persians. There is no indication that he spent any part of his exile in or near Asia, and the notorious sparsity of his references to Greek relations with the Persians before the outbreak of the Ionian war suggests that his contacts with them were scanty. In this respect he was not exceptional. Before the end of the fifth century even the best educated Athenians seem to have possessed only a dim or distorted impression of Persia, as is illustrated in different ways by the Persae and the Acharnians.

The Black Medeas of Weimar and Nazi Berlin: Jahnn-Straub and Straub-Grillparzer

1992 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-166
Author(s):  
Glen W. Gadberry
Keyword(s):  
Golden Age ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Dramatic Character ◽  
Patriarchal Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Race Ethnicity

While earlier dramatists treated Medea as a dramatic character, it was Euripides who gave her enduring theatrical prominence. Beyond crafting a timely attack upon a treacherous Corinth to appeal to Athens at the start of the Peloponnesian War, Euripides developed Medea to question the social role of women within a proudly patriarchal society. And he may have been the first to make Medea a non-Greek, a Colchian, a “barbarian”—a term that had become more derisive in the fifth century. In the Golden Age, a female foreigner was marginalized by gender and by heritage/race/ethnicity; a justified or sympathetic Medea challenged Athenian prejudices about both. Yet this Medea is problematic: a seriously aggrieved wife is driven to horrible acts against Greeks—Jason, his sons, the king of Corinth, and as a complicating fillip of multi-gender vengeance, the female rival. Our sympathies are subverted: a wronged Medea could also be a bloody figure of feminine and alien power, fatal to men and women, public and domestic order.

scholarly journals In Search of the Party: The Communist Party, the Comintern, and the Peasant Rebellion of 1932 in El Salvador

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Ching
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTThe rebellion of 1932 in El Salvador is commonly described in the context of communism and the leadship role of the Communist Party of El Salvador (PCS). Relying on previously unavailable archive materials from Russia and El Salvador, the present article demonstrates that the PCS played a limited role in the rebellion. Factional infighting and a strategy that collided with social realities in western El Salvador combined to inhibit PCS influence among western peasants. The evidence suggests that Indian communities were at the forefront of the rebellion, as an extention of their long history of political mobilization.

scholarly journals Promoting and Challenging Immigration Detention in Canada: Understanding the Role of Advocacy Coalition Groups in Canada’s Immigration Detention Policy Subsystem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Chidi Wachuku
Keyword(s):  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Advocacy Coalition Framework ◽  
Advocacy Coalition ◽  
Immigration Detention ◽  
Irregular Migrants ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Policy Subsystem ◽  
History Of ◽  
Policy Objectives

Advocacy coalition groups such as closed border supporters and open border advocates play a role in Canada’s immigration detention policy subsystem. Using political mobilization, they exploit pathways of policy change to promote policy objectives which favour or limit policy changes relating to the detention of asylum seekers and irregular migrants for immigration purposes in Canada. This paper investigates the role of actors from opposing advocacy coalition groups in promoting or challenging immigration detention in Canada. The paper adopts the theoretical underpinnings of “Advocacy Coalition Framework” as a lens of analysis to trace the role of advocacy coalition groups in recent history of Canada’s immigration detention policy subsystem. This paper assumes an actor-centric approach with an aim to contribute to current body of knowledge on Canada’s immigration detention policy subsystem. Keywords: immigration detention; open border advocates; closed border supporters; advocacy coalition groups; advocacy coalition framework; Canada; policy subsystem

On the Problem of Syriac “Influence” in the Transmission of Greek Science to the Arabs: The Cases of Astronomy, Philosophy, and Medicine

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-227
Author(s):  
Siam Bhayro
Keyword(s):  
Medical System ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Greek Astronomy

The answer to the question of why the role of Syriac in transmitting Greek science into Arabic is negligible in astronomy but important in philosophy and medicine lies in the history of Syriac science. There was little imperative to transmit Greek astronomy into Syriac because Babylonian astronomy was dominant and received in Syriac. Conversely, there was an imperative to transmit Greek philosophy, due to the lack of anything comparable in Syriac and a need that arose in the late fifth century. Medicine is an in-between case—there was a well-established Mesopotamian medical system, yet Greek sources were translated and integrated with it. This integration was rejected by Arab translators, the effects of which impacted modern scholarship. This analysis explains why influence varies by field and highlights how the modern study of the Syriac sciences has neglected their Mesopotamian background and focussed on how they received and transmitted Greek sources.

Philolaus (c.470–380/9 BC)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann S. Schibli
Keyword(s):  
First Principles ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Greek Philosopher ◽  
Noteworthy Feature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Psychological Functions ◽  
Explanatory Concept ◽  
The Universe

The Greek philosopher Philolaus of Croton, a contemporary of Democritus and Socrates, was a pre-eminent Pythagorean. His book counts as the first written treatise in the history of Pythagoreanism. Surviving in fragments, it constitutes an important source for our knowledge of fifth-century Pythagoreanism and supplements the picture given by Aristotle of Pythagorean doctrine. Like earlier Presocratics Philolaus sought to furnish a comprehensive cosmology. Arguing from logical propositions, he posited two pre-existing principles: ‘unlimited things’ and ‘limiting things’. United by harmony these two principles account for the formation of the cosmos and its phenomena. Since Philolaus also invokes number as an all-powerful explanatory concept, it is likely that he associated his first principles and the things originating from them with numbers. The emphasis on harmony and number accords with early Pythagoreanism. Philolaus also wrote on musical theory and astronomy. A noteworthy feature of his astronomy is the displacement of the earth from the centre of the cosmos by fire, pictured as the ‘hearth’ of the universe. The fragments further attest Philolaus’ interest in embryology, the causes of diseases, and physiology combined with psychological functions. It was not unusual for early Greek philosophers to treat such a wide variety of topics. The distinctive elements of the thought of Philolaus are the logical arguments evinced in the fragments and the epistemological role of number for understanding the structure of reality.

Waqf as a Political Weapon

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 92-124
Author(s):  
Astrid Meier
Keyword(s):  
Initial Phase ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The Political ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mount Sinai ◽  
Political Weapon ◽  
The Church

Abstract The aim of this article is to highlight the political uses of the legal concept of waqf in a confrontation between an Orthodox and a Catholic institution during the initial phase of the schism within the Church of Antioch. The Monastery of St Catherine at Mount Sinai confronted the hospice of the Franciscans in the court of the Chief Judge of the province of Damascus in 1145/1733. The legal aspects of the lawsuit are an interesting example of the use of the Ottoman judiciary by non-Muslims, but in order to understand the political implications of the case, it needs to be analysed in the broader context of the religious and political tensions of the time. Therefore, a sketch of the history of both monasteries and their endowments is supplemented with a chapter on the role of Sylvestros, Patriarch of Antioch, in Damascus and an examination of the French and Spanish interests within this Ottoman context.

Thucydides’ Take on the Corinthian Navy. οἵ τε γὰρ Κορίνθιοι ἡγήσαντο κρατεῖν εἰ µὴ καὶ πολὺ ἐκρατοῦντο, ‘The Corinthians believed they were victors if they were only just defeated’

Mnemosyne ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. McKenzie ◽  
Patricia A. Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
North West ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
The Third ◽  
Positive Assessment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Weather

Abstract This paper closely examines Thucydides’ presentation of three naval battles fought in the Corinthian Gulf and the battle of Sybota off north-west Greece, in order to show how his version of the action does not just stress the pervasive impression of Athenian dominance and downplay the Peloponnesian performance, but extends to characterising the Corinthian fleet in a surprisingly negative way. In the first battle he claims that they were ignorant of the local weather patterns, in the second of the underwater hazards, and after the third that ‘The Corinthians believed they were victors if they were only just defeated’. His account of the earlier battle off Corcyra is similarly flawed, since by focussing on the participants’ treaty obligations he fails to bring out the significance of the Corinthian naval victory for the history of Greek warfare. The reader of The Peloponnesian War is encouraged not to question Thucydides’ disparaging record of the Corinthian navy, as it reinforces his focus on a bipartite contest between Athens and Sparta. However, a case is made here for a more positive assessment of Corinthian involvement in the modified design of the trireme and the revision of naval tactics in the late fifth century BC.

scholarly journals Scientific and organizational work of N. Hryhoryiv in the Ukrainian institute of sociological studies in Prague

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (49) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Olga Sukhobokova
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Organizational Work ◽  
Civic Science ◽  
Sociological Studies

The article is devoted to the consideration of the scientific-organizational and research activity of the outstanding Ukrainian public-political figure and social scientist Nykyfor Hryhoryiv at the Ukrainian Institute of Sociological Studies (Ukrainian Sociological Institute) in Prague. The role of N. Hryhoryiv in the development of the Іnstitute is significant from its foundation in 1924 and the end of existence in 1938. With Mykyta Shapoval he was one of its founders, as well as one of the leaders and leading researchers. N. Hryhoryiv was a permanent member of the supreme governing body of the Іnstitute – the Сuratorium, he headed it in 1926 and in 1933–1938, he was a director and a scientific council. He solved the administrative and financial problems of the Institute. At the same time, he was the director of the Department of Ethnology and two autonomous institutions of the Institute – the Ukrainian National Museum-Archive and the Ukrainian Workers University. He was also a member of the Department of Sociology and Policy and head of the Study of the Village, held separate courses and a political seminar. At the same time, N. Hryhoryiv showed himself as a scientist – a sociologist and political scientist, an active researcher. During this period, his scientific interests included the theory of the state, the Ukrainian national-state tradition, national sociology, socio-economic history of Ukraine and socio-political movements in Ukraine, the Ukrainian diaspora in the USA and Canada, international relations and the geopolitical role of Ukraine. The work of the scientist in these directions is considered. During his time at the institute he has prepared several dozen of monographs, articles and reports, which are an important contribution to Ukrainian sociological and political science. This study is based on the materials of the so-called Prague Archive, in particular the fund of the Ukrainian Institute for Civic Science. Some archival sources are introduced to scientific circulation for the first time. Keywords: Nykyfor Hryhoryiv, Ukrainian Institute of Sociological Studies in Prague, Ukrainian Sociological Institute in Prague

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