Ships, Bread, and Work: Agrarian Conflict in the Mediterranean Countryside, 1914–1923

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 27-54
Author(s):  
Julia Hudson-Richards
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
World War ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Work Contracts

AbstractThis article examines the collapse of the citrus industry in València, Spain during the last years of World War I. In it, I argue that the strikes represent a key moment in the proletarianization of the region's agricultural working classes. By 1914, citrus had become one of Spain's most profitable exports, and prior to the 1917 crash, the landed and monied interests in control of the industry had enforced the notion of inter-class cooperation, which broke down under the economic stress of the War. In the wake of the collapse and the strikes that followed, workers began to organize in earnest and began to work towards improving working conditions and establishing fairer work contracts.

The First Italo-Ethiopian Clash over the Control of Eritrea and the Origins of Rome’s Imperialism

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-112
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Mavropoulos
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
World War ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Colonial Policies

In the wake of Italy’s unification, the country’s expansionist designs were aimed, as expected, toward the opposite shore of the Mediterranean. The barrage of developments that took place in this strategic area would shape the country’s future alliances and colonial policies. The fear of French aggression on the coast of North Africa drove officials in Rome to the camp of the Central Powers, a diplomatic move of great importance for Europe’s evolution prior to World War I. The disturbance of the Mediterranean balance of power, when France occupied Tunisia and Britain held Cyprus and Egypt, the inability to find a colony in proximity to Italy, and a series of diplomatic defeats led Roman officials to look to the Red Sea and to provoke war with the Ethiopian Empire.

Foreign Cultural Policy in the Interbellum

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Kessel
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Dante Alighieri ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
World War ◽  
British Council ◽  
Political Role ◽  
The Mediterranean

This book considers the growing awareness in the wake of World War I that culture could play an effective political role in international relations. Tamara van Kessel shows how the British created the British Council in support of those cultural aims, which took on particular urgency in light of the rise of fascist dictatorships in Europe. Van Kessel focuses in particular on the activities of the British Council and the Italian Dante Alighieri Society in the Mediterranean area, where their respective country's strategic and ideological interests most evidently clashed.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Rosenow
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dead Body ◽  
World War ◽  
Common People ◽  
Attitudes Toward Death ◽  
The Social ◽  
Work Accidents

This book examines the rituals of dying and the politics of death among the working class during the period 1865–1920. It considers how wageworkers and their families experienced death in the United States between the Civil War and the end of World War I by focusing on John Henry—one of the hundreds of thousands of workers who died in service to industrialization—and the lack of surviving accounts about what happened to his dead body. The book draws on case studies to investigate how workers used the rituals of death to interpret, accommodate, and resist their living and working conditions; the ways social class shaped Americans' attitudes toward death; and the social and cultural contexts that shaped interpretations of workers' deaths resulting from work accidents. The book shows how rituals of death reflected the ways that working communities articulated beliefs about family, community, and class and negotiated social relationships—how common people interpreted their roles in the industrial republic.

German Women and the Communist International: The Case of the Independent Social Democrats

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Number Of Factors

At no time during the past century has European society been closer to major revolutionary upheaval than at the close of World War I. That in the end the Russian Revolution was contained and “world revolution” averted has been related by historians to any number of factors. Yet one of the most important reasons for the ebbing of the revolutionary tide has generally been overlooked or passed over lightly. This was the failure of the revolutionary movement, except in Russia, to secure really significant support from a particular segment of the working classes, namely women. A more classic case of the historian's tendency to accept sex as a constant, i.e., to operate in general as if only one sex—the male sex—exists, would be difficult to find. In fact an individual's sex can be an important variable in political behavior and like age, occupation, religion, and a variety of other social, economic, and cultural factors, something which needs to be considered much more carefully in order to arrive at a better understanding of the past.

John Sloan's Images of Working-Class Women: A Case Study of the Roles and Interrelationships of Politics, Personality, and Patrons in the Development of Sloan's Art, 1905–16

Prospects ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 157-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Hills
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Human Life ◽  
American Art ◽  
World War ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
City Life ◽  
The People ◽  
Working Class Women ◽  
The Masses

John Sloan (1871–1951) was an early twentieth-century realist painter who embraced the principles of socialism and placed his artistic talents at the service of those beliefs. Hence, his graphic contributions to the radical, socialist monthly The Masses, and his work as art editor, made it one of the most extraordinary publications of the pre-World War I period. But as a painter Sloan shied from political or social comment. Instead, the paintings celebrate the leisure moments of the working classes, particularly women, in such paintings as his Picnic Grounds of 1906–7 (Whitney Museum of American Art) and Sunday, Women Drying Their Hair of 1912 (Addison Gallery of American Art). Sloan himself later insisted that these paintings were done with “sympathy but no social consciousness”: “I was never interested in putting propaganda into my paintings, so it annoys me when art historians try to interpret my city life pictures as ‘socially conscious.’ I saw the everyday life of the people, and on the whole I picked out bits-of joy in human life for my subject matter.”

scholarly journals Methodological Perspectives on British Commercial Telegraphy and the Colonial Struggle over Democratic Connections in Gibraltar, 1914–1941

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Bryce Peake
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
British Empire ◽  
World Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Socially Situated

This article examines the privatization of telegraphy in the British Empire from the perspective of Gibraltar, an overseas territory in the Mediterranean. While the history of international telegraphy is typically written from a world-systems perspective, this article presents a key methodological critique of the use of collections spread across many institutions and colonies: archival satellites are not simply reducible to parts of a scattered whole, as archival collections are themselves curations of socially-positioned understandings of Empire. This is especially true of the “girdle round the world” that was British telegraphy. At a meta-historical level, individual archival collections of the global British telegraphy system can be read as histories of colonial administrators’ geographically- and socially- situated perspectives on Empire—namely through what archives have, and have not, preserved. I demonstrate how the documents about telegraphy collected and maintained in the Gibraltar National Archives reflect pre- and post-World War I English, anti-Liberal colonial administrators’ and military officials’ fear that privatization was an opening salvo against the democratic web that held the last vestiges of Empire together.

scholarly journals Lest We Remember/“Lest We Forget”: Gallipoli as Exculpatory Memory

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bevan-Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
World War I ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
World War ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Gallipoli Peninsula

Before the build-up to the centenary of the 1915 invasion of Turkey’s Gallipoli Peninsula begins in earnest, I thought it might be timely to interrogate the notion that those of us who live in Australasia are confronted with every Anzac Day: that it was on April 25, 1915, the day the Australia New Zealand Army Corps (Anzacs) landed at Gallipoli as part of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, that the consciousness of nationhood was born in Australia and New Zealand, This foundational idea, with specific application to Australia, was first published nine years after the event by Charles Bean, the Australian Government’s official World War I historian who is also regarded as having created the Anzac legend. On a broader view, World War I was, for Bean, about freedom, and more broadly still, about the survival of civilisation. 

Multiple Hydraulic Drives Load Sensing

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Adams
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Load Sensing ◽  
The Military

Hydraulics date back to the pyramids and Egyptians. It became popular during World War I and World War II, when it was mass produced for the military. What we will discuss today will be modern hydraulics, primarily hydraulics for the citrus industry. Paper published with permission.

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