Warriors and Merchants

Itinerario ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Heesterman
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Cautionary Note ◽  
Indian History ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Indian Waters ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Dutch Experience

I should preface this paper with a cautionary note. It is not intended to parade as a full-fledged scholarly paper bringing new or little known facts. Nor does it aim at novel theories or interpretations. It does not even have its roots in the fascinating details and problems of Luso-Indian history per se. It only wants to propose a somewhat different, although not overly novel, perspective. This perspective is – not surprisingly – an indological one. My starting point is my concern with India's traditions of empire and imperial expansion. Given this concern, it seems quite logical to turn to the Portuguese as well as to the Dutch experience of and tangles with the tradition and practice of empire they obtained in the world of the Indian Ocean, where the subcontinent has always occupied a predominant position. The exercise is the more interesting since the Portuguese, and after them the Dutch, were each in their own way empire builders in their own right. They had to react to the imperial configurations that were coming about at the time of the Portuguese appearance in the Indian waters and that were being consolidated when the Portuguese were followed by their Dutch rivals. The experience and the reactions of both the Dutch and the Portuguese have something to tell us about India, as well as the other way around.

“Ọrọ, nwa, ẹkọ”, the talk, the look, the education: reflections on a pedagogy of cosmoperception

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roseane Santos Mesquita ◽  
Késia Dos Anjos Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Educational Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Practices ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
The Look ◽  
Ways Of Being ◽  
Present Text ◽  
The Way

The present text bets on the power of reflections on a pedagogy guided by cosmoperception. It is a collective call for the enchanted ways of perceiving and relating to the other. “Ọrọ, nwa, ẹkọ”, the talk, the look, the education, insurgent forces that grow in the cracks, just like moss, alive, reborn. That is the way we think about education, as a living practice, turned to freedom. Freedom understood as a force that enables us to question certain hegemonic truths entrenched in our ways of being, thinking and producing knowledge. In dialogue with the criticisms on the decolonial thought and by authors and authoresses who are putting themselves into thinking about an epistemology from a diasporic place, from the edges of the world, we will try to problematize the effects of the epistemic erasures promoted by the colonial processes and how that has affected our educative practices. The look at the educational experience that happens in the sacred territory of candomblé, will be our starting point to think about politically and poetically transformative educational practices.

Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905–80)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Howells
Keyword(s):  
Collective Choice ◽  
Personal History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Dialectical Reason ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phenomenological Account ◽  
Material Conditions

Sartre was a philosopher of paradox: an existentialist who attempted a reconciliation with Marxism, a theorist of freedom who explored the notion of predestination. From the mid-1930s to the late-1940s, Sartre was in his ‘classical’ period. He explored the history of theories of imagination leading up to that of Husserl, and developed his own phenomenological account of imagination as the key to the freedom of consciousness. He analysed human emotions, arguing that emotion is a freely chosen mode of relationship to the outside world. In his major philosophical work, L’Être et le Néant(Being and Nothingness) (1943a), Sartre distinguished between consciousness and all other beings: consciousness is always at least tacitly conscious of itself, hence it is essentially ‘for itself’ (pour-soi) – free, mobile and spontaneous. Everything else, lacking this self-consciousness, is just what it is ‘in-itself’ (en-soi); it is ‘solid’ and lacks freedom. Consciousness is always engaged in the world of which it is conscious, and in relationships with other consciousnesses. These relationships are conflictual: they involve a battle to maintain the position of subject and to make the other into an object. This battle is inescapable. Although Sartre was indeed a philosopher of freedom, his conception of freedom is often misunderstood. Already in Being and Nothingness human freedom operates against a background of facticity and situation. My facticity is all the facts about myself which cannot be changed – my age, sex, class of origin, race and so on; my situation may be modified, but it still constitutes the starting point for change and roots consciousness firmly in the world. Freedom is not idealized by Sartre; it is always within a given set of circumstances, after a particular past, and against the expectations of both myself and others that I make my free choices. My personal history conditions the range of my options. From the 1950s onwards Sartre became increasingly politicized and was drawn to attempt a reconciliation between existentialism and Marxism. This was the aim of the Critique de la raison dialectique (Critique of Dialectical Reason) (1960) which recognized more fully than before the effect of historical and material conditions on individual and collective choice. An attempt to explore this interplay in action underlies both his biography of Flaubert and his own autobiography.

Cerebral Perfusion and Psychometric Testing after exposure to high altitude in the mountains

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
C M Windle ◽  
G M Slaven ◽  
M A Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Hypobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Cerebral Perfusion ◽  
Psychometric Testing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychometric Tests ◽  
Mental Performance ◽  
Altitude Exposure ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Se

AbstractExposure to hypobaric hypoxia is known to cau e reductions in mental performance and decision-miling and it has been reported that these effects are not fully reversed fo llowing descent from altitude. Eight climbers had cerebral perfu sion scans performed and undertook a battery of psychometric tests prior to, and upon return from, an expedition to climb the eleventh highest moun tain in the world, Gasherbrum l. No decrements were found in either their performance on the psychometric tests nor to their cerebral perfusion fo llowing the expedition. Two subj ects had significant cerebral perfusion abnormalities prior to the expedition, which had improved immedi ately fo llowing their return from the expedition. Repeat scans four months later showed the lesion of one of the subj ects had returned and there were indications that the lesion in the other subject was beginning to return. These fi ndings are in contrast to previous studies which have suggested that altitude exposure leads to permanent reductions in brain function, this could be because in those studies facto rs other than hypobaric hypoxia per se lead to the reductions in brain functi on.

The urban domination of the planet: A Rancièrian critique

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Grange ◽  
Michael Gunder
Keyword(s):  
Urban Land ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Places ◽  
Opening Up

A competitive urbanisation discourse is dominating the world. So much so that, following Lefevbre’s later work, Brenner and Schmid, among others, have recently re-invigorated the term ‘planetary urbanisation’ to promote a new epistemology of the urban. This is an epistemology which re-conceptualises the world as constituted by an extended urban fabric that lacks global exteriority – all the world is now to be perceived as a part of a global condensed, extended or differential urbanisation. But this also begs the question: what of the other non-urban-dwelling population who inhabit the 97% of the landmass that currently is not developed as urban land? The article begins by considering contemporary debates about planetary urbanisation. Having introduced arguments of equality developed by the philosophy of Rancière, it then considers planetary urbanisation from the perspective of equity. The article argues that we currently are witnessing an urban domination of the planet that not only fails in recognising the non-urban outside, but perhaps more importantly, increasingly is creating ‘geographies of despair’. It concludes by arguing for planning theories that take rubrics other than just that of the urban as their starting point, in order to contribute to opening up both urban and non-urban places as potential stages where disruptive politics, including those pertinent to planning, may be both played out and appropriately understood.

Incongruity of Nationalisms? Interactions between Korean National History and American Historians of Korea, the 1910s to 1980s

2021 ◽  
pp. 397-425
Author(s):  
Vladimir Tikhonov
Keyword(s):  
Vantage Point ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Korean History ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Korean Nationalism ◽  
The World ◽  
Analytical Perspective ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Historical Trajectory

The heuristic starting point for this paper is a critical approach to the enterprise of modern historiography per se, based on the understanding of it as inherently bound by teleological epistemology. While “Korean nationalism” is the usual vantage point for the critique of modern Korean historiography, the current article attempts to reverse this analytical perspective and re-assess a number of attempts to write on Korean history by US-based historians of Korea in the 1910s–1980s as reflections of inherently self-centric picture of the world. In this Eurocentric picture, traditional Korea was locked into a historical trajectory via which “modernity” was unachievable.

Al Jazeera: Is it a voice for the voiceless?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haydar Badawi Sadig ◽  
Catalina Petcu
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
Al Jazeera ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Press ◽  
The World ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Voice

Al Jazeera’s motto, ‘The opinion and the other opinion’, is the natural starting point for a review of its mission to widen the boundaries of public conversation in the Arab world and the world at large. All responsible mass media have a similar motto or goal: to represent and discover the many voices that comprise one’s community, to provide a place and context for the expression of opinion, and to lead in the granting of mutual respect. The world-regarded Social Responsibility Theory of the press holds this goal as its core. Any conversation about media mission and vision includes the metaphor: voice of the voiceless. What range of voices does Al Jazeera broadcast as duty, privilege, for purposes of peace? What voices would Al Jazeera never cover, and why? How does Al Jazeera keep itself accountable to the ‘mission of voice’ as it negotiates the challenging political, religious and developmental ecology of the Middle East? Finally, what can Al Jazeera teach other media companies and constituencies as it continues to grow and articulate its own mission? The importance of the voice is pertinent in the argument that recovering voice challenges the dominant neoliberal politics opposed to Al Jazeera’s contra flow.

scholarly journals Impact of Gerard Van Swieten on the development of Austrian medicine throughout the 18th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Boro Bronza
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
European Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Personal Physician

Arrival of Doctor Gerard van Swieten in Vienna, in 1745, as new personal physician of the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa, was starting point of a huge wave of transformation in the scope of Austrian medicine. Scientific and methodological experience which doctor from Leiden brought in Habsburg capital was so overwhelming that whole structure of medical science was shattered and reconstructed in a much more efficient way. Impact of Van Swieten was a splendid example of dominance of scientific method in the Netherlands, where modern European science gained more ground than anywhere else during the classical era of baroque, throughout the 17th and first half of the 18th century. On the other hand, internal reforms and transformation of Austria, from the mid-18th century, helped a lot in the process of successful reception of new structural ideas. Through this kind of merging, inside of only several decades, Vienna managed to grow into one of leading centres of medical science in Europe and the world.

scholarly journals Making Fun of the Museum: Multidisciplinarity, Holism, and 'The Return of Curiosity'

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-341
Author(s):  
Ruth Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Structures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Actor Network ◽  
Disciplinary Boundaries ◽  
Knowledge Formation ◽  
The World ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Colonial Legacies ◽  
Critical Literature

Museums are curious institutions in two senses, one arising from the eccentricities and peculiarities of their histories, and the other from their ongoing desire to display, provoke, and satisfy their visitors' curiosity about the world in which they live. As the critical literature has shown, we can think about Western museums as material deposits of the different forms curiosity has taken in the course of four centuries of European imperial expansion and colonial domination - as sites where the properties of things could be disciplined according to Western knowledge structures and deployed to create a comprehensive picture of the world. Although this consciousness has shaken the foundations of museums and dislodged the collections they hold, their value as places where colonial legacies can be negotiatied and shared concerns addressed remains compelling. Responding to Nicholas Thomas's The Return of Curiosity, to Actor-Network-Theory's insistence on connecting disciplinary knowledges, and to Indigenous reaffirmations of holistic knowledge formation, this article explores a range of recent museum projects that invoke curiosity to transgress the museum's modern disciplinary boundaries.

scholarly journals Internalizacja wartości

Etyka ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 81-102
Author(s):  
Maria Gołaszewska
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Traits ◽  
Artistic Creativity ◽  
Conception Of Man ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Individual ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

It is presumed that there is an opposition between the spontaneous, discovered, personal and natural on the one hand, and the taught, imitated, adopted, and artificial, on the other. The opposition is manifested in different kinds of human activity and its products. It can be evaluated and provides a framework for several theories. It is accepted, for instance that, on the one hand, the most valuable are expressive experiences which harmonize with dispositions and sensitivity of man, and on the other, those which are yielded by obtaining knowledge and expanding one’s culture (e.g. by contacts with art). In artistic creativity inspiration, creativity, originality, and individual expression are the most respected factors but the meaning of a work and the use made of the available stock of creative means are also evaluated. Considering conception of man, the development of the pertinent dispositions which determine particular uniqueness of human individual, is highly estimated but the meaning of the consequences of socialization and education is as well stressed. If man confined himself to expressive acts only, the development of his personality would manifest just what he is. However, an adoption of the generally accepted external values implies a danger of the unauthentic and imitative life. The adoption of values of culture has to undergo in a specific process called internalization of values. But knowledge of values is not all that matters. They must be experienced and included into individual world, they must be accepted and adjusted to the personal traits of the individual. By internalization of values, what is alien to and inherited by man is transformed into a personal and essential element of his life, enriching him by new possibilities of unfolding dispositions of his nature. We apprehend man as ens per se: he becomes himself, due to his own activity, but essential substance of his personality is mode of objectively existing values. The article stresses the importance of activity and contact of man with reality, which constantly bring to light new possibilities of experiencing and acting. In the contact with the world man comes across the phenomena which are contrary to his natural inclinations: by adopting a conscious attitude to them and including them (by different means) into accepted system of beliefs, he becomes enriched with new values. These oppositions (e.g. freedom vs. necessity, rationality vs. irrationality, reality vs. imagination etc.) provide a background to the construction of system of values in the world of man.

scholarly journals Control societies and the crisis of science journalism

2009 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. E
Author(s):  
Yuri Castelfranchi
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Gilles Deleuze ◽  
The Other ◽  
Science Journalism ◽  
Health Reforms ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Control Society ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World

In a brief text written in 1990, Gilles Deleuze took his friend Michel Foucault’s work as a starting point and spoke of new forces at work in society. The great systems masterfully described by Foucault as being related to “discipline” (family, factory, psychiatric hospital, prison, school), were all going through a crisis. On the other hand, the reforms  advocated by ministers throughout the world (labour, welfare, education and health reforms) were nothing but ways to protract their anguish. Deleuze named “control society” the emerging configuration.

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