Outbreak of Staphylococcal Infection in Two Hospital Nurseries Traced to a Single Nasal Carrier

A massive outbreak of the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome due to an organism with an unusual phage pattern, occurred during a 115-day period and involved 68 newborns. Generalized exfoliative dermatitis was seen in 24 babies, and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 23. Fourteen isolates were phage typed, with 13 reported as the epidemic strain 29/79/80/3A/3C/54/75. Eight babies had generalized scarlatiniform eruption without exfoliation (staphylococcal scarlet fever). Cultural data were available from six, all positive for S aureus. Four organisms were typed and reported as the epidemic strain. Of 34 infants with bullous impetigo 20 had cultures that were positive for S aureus, and four were phage typed, revealing the epidemic strain. Illness was mild in all patients; there were no deaths and no invasive forms of staphylococcal infection. The male to female ratio of generalized exfoliative disease was 5:1. The concept of a neonatal staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, comprised of a triad of skin disorders induced by an exotoxin elaborated by certain strains of coagulase positive S aureus, is confirmed.

Download Full-text

Epidemic Bullous Impetigo in a Nursery Due to a Nasal Carrier of Staphylococcus aureus: Role of Epidemiology and Control Measures

Infection Control ◽

10.1017/s0195941700060513 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 5 (7) ◽

pp. 326-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Allyn K. Nakashima ◽

James R. Allen ◽

William J. Martone ◽

Brian D. Plikaytis ◽

Beth Storer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Phage Type ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Control Measures ◽

Epidemic Strain ◽

Nasal Carrier ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Epidemic Period ◽

And Control

AbstractFrom September 14, 1981 to February 28, 1982, an epidemic of bullous impetigo caused by a penicillin/tetracycline resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, phage type 3A/3C, occurred in a newborn nursery in Louisville, Kentucky. Twenty of 1,181 (1.7%) infants at risk developed disease during the six-month epidemic period. Clinically all case-infants had bullous impetigo skin lesions. One infant developed staphylococcal septicemia. No infant died. An epidemiologic investigation identified a nurse as having significantly greater contact with case-infants than control-infants (p=0.0013). She was also found to be a nasal carrier of the epidemic strain. Infection control measures appeared to decrease infant-to-infant transmission via the hands of non-colonized nurses, but did not affect transmission from the nurse carrying the epidemic strain to infants. No cases of bullous impetigo have occurred since this nurse was temporarily removed from the nursery for treatment.

Download Full-text

Outbreak Due to Methicillin- and Rifampin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and Eradication of the Resistant Strain from the Hospital

Infection Control ◽

10.1017/s0195941700066935 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 15-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Cynthia M. Bitar ◽

C. Glen Mayhall ◽

V. Archer Lamb ◽

Thomas J. Bradshaw ◽

Alice C. Spadora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Resistant Strain ◽

Wound Care ◽

Strain Analysis ◽

Carrier State ◽

University Hospital ◽

Surgical Patient ◽

Epidemic Strain ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Nasal Carrier

AbstractA methicillin- and rifampin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus was introduced into a university hospital by interstate transfer of an infected surgical patient. An outbreak occurred, and 17 patients became infected or colonized with the epidemic strain. Reservoirs appeared to be patients who were infected or colonized with the resistant S aureus and possibly two nurses who were nasal carriers. The outbreak isolate was likely spread by contact with contaminated hands of personnel. A retrospective case-control study identified tracheostomy, debridement, and irrigation of wounds by power spray and prolonged nasogastric intubation as risk factors for acquisition of the epidemic strain. Analysis of factors by groups indicated that surgical procedures, wound care procedures and instrumentation of the respiratory tract were significantly associated with cases. The nasal carrier state was eradicated in two nurses by topical application of 5% vancomycin. The epidemic strain was eradicated from the hospital 8 months after it was introduced.

Download Full-text

Carriage ofStaphylococcus aureusamong 104 healthy persons during a 19-month period

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800058118 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 115 (1) ◽

pp. 51-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 116

Author(s):

N. H.Riewerts Eriksen ◽

F. Espersen ◽

V.Thamdrup Rosdahl ◽

K. Jensen

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Statistical Difference ◽

Phage Type ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Index Number ◽

Carrier Rate ◽

Type Distribution ◽

Nasal Carrier ◽

Healthy Persons

SummaryThe present study was undertaken to investigate the frequency of the nasal carrier rate ofStaphylococcus aureus. The investigation was performed on 104 healthy persons. The total number of swabs performed was 1498 and this resulted in isolation of 522S. aureusstrains. All strains have been identified, tested for antibiotic susceptibility, and phage-typed. The carrier-index (number of positive swabs/number of total swabs for each individual person) was compared with different sampling and culturing methods, phage type, age, and resistance to antibiotics. There was statistical difference in carrier rate according to sex (P·05). Among the 104 persons 15 (14·4%) were persistent carriers, 17 (16·3%) intermittent carriers, 55 (52·9%) occasional carriers and 17 (16·3%) non-carriers. Among intermittent and occasional carriers the phage-type distribution was different from theS. aureusstrains isolated from Danish hospitalized patients in 1992, while the persistent carriers had similar phage-type distribution.

Download Full-text

A Potential Benefit of Hypochlorous Acid - Facial Sanitisation: A Review

10.20944/preprints202107.0129.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Avis Aman Nowbuth ◽

Josh Barrie Armstrong ◽

Thomas Eugene Cloete ◽

Pieter Rousseau Fourie

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Face Mask ◽

Skin Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Inoculum Dose ◽

The Face ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

Sanitisation has become a major component of everyday life, with emphasis on the hands and surfaces. The face remains unsanitised. This is due to the lack of an acceptable sanitiser. The use of masks has been implemented in order to protect the spread of the pathogens by covering the face, however there remain issues associated with the use of PPE.. The face remains a harbour for upper respiratory tract infections, with constant deposition and replication of microbes. With SARS-CoV-2 being so prominent, it was postulated that there is an inoculum dose-dependant relationship with severity. By reducing microbial load of the face, the risk of both infection and severity of infection are reduced. HOCl has proven antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activity and was tested for efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating a 99.99% reduction (50ppm; 1 min contact). A facial sanitiser, added to the arsenal of hand sanitisers and masks, further improves protection and prevention against SARS-CoV-2. The advantages of regular sanitising of the face and mask include a reduced level of microbial contamination, reduced risk of biofilm formation, and respiratory tract and skin infections. HOCl was reviewed as a face and face mask sanitiser, concluding that it was an ideally suited product.

Download Full-text

A Potential Benefit of Hypochlorous Acid - Facial Sanitisation: A Review

10.20944/preprints202107.0129.v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Avis Aman Nowbuth ◽

Josh Barrie Armstrong ◽

Thomas Eugene Cloete ◽

Pieter Rousseau Fourie

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Skin Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

The Face ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

Sanitisation has become a major component of everyday life, with emphasis on the hands and surfaces. The face remains unsanitised due to the lack of an acceptable sanitiser. The use of masks has been mandated to reduce the spread of the pathogens by covering the face, however, there remain issues with the use of personal protective equipment. The face remains a harbour for upper respiratory tract infections, with constant deposition of microbes. By reducing microbial load, the risk of both infection and severity are reduced. HOCl has proven antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity, including efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. A facial sanitiser, alongside hand sanitisers and masks, improves protection against SARS-CoV-2. The advantages of regular sanitising of the face and mask include reduced level of microbial contamination, risk of biofilm formation, and respiratory tract and skin infections. HOCl was reviewed as a face and mask sanitiser, concluding that it was an ideal product.

Download Full-text

Assessment of Postvaccine Immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in Patients with Asplenia, including an Analysis of Its Impact on Bacterial Flora of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Incidence of Infections

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2018/1691347 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alina Olender ◽

Katarzyna Małkińska ◽

Jacek Roliński ◽

Ewelina Grywalska ◽

Elżbieta Pels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

Carrier State ◽

Control Group ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms

S. pneumoniae is a microorganism that may cause a serious threat in postsplenectomy patients due to a potentially invasive course of infection. In order to assess a protective activity after vaccination with the 23-valent vaccine, we made an analysis of the level of antibodies in patients with asplenia compared to a control group of healthy donors. Additionally, colonization by potentially pathogenic microorganisms of the upper respiratory tract was analyzed to determine the carrier state by strains with vaccine serotype. No such strains were found in the research, yet three non-vaccine-serotype strains were found. Colonization of the upper respiratory tract by potentially pathogenic microorganisms may be connected with increased susceptibility observed and incidence of infections in patients with asplenia. However, colonization by S. pneumoniae may not have an effect on the level of specific antibodies with the 23-valent vaccine against S. pneumoniae (PPV23) in postsplenectomy patients and healthy people. The response to vaccination against S. pneumoniae showed a lower level of specific antibodies in patients with splenectomy performed more than 2 years before the test than in patients with a recently removed spleen, i.e., from 1 month to 2 years before the test. Vaccination against pneumococci also has positive effects on incidence of other etiology infections, which is of high significance in the prophylaxis of infectious diseases in this group of patients.

Download Full-text

A Potential Benefit of Hypochlorous Acid - Facial Sanitisation

10.20944/preprints202107.0129.v3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Avis Aman Nowbuth ◽

Josh Barrie Armstrong ◽

Thomas Eugene Cloete ◽

Pieter Rousseau Fourie

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Skin Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

The Face ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

Sanitisation has become a major component of everyday life, with emphasis on the hands and surfaces. The face remains unsanitised due to the lack of an acceptable sanitiser. The use of masks has been mandated to reduce the spread of the pathogens by covering the face, however, there remain issues with the use of personal protective equipment. The face remains a harbour for upper respiratory tract infections, with constant deposition of microbes. By reducing microbial load, the risk of both infection and severity are reduced. HOCl has proven antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity, including efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. A facial sanitiser, alongside hand sanitisers and masks, improves protection against SARS-CoV-2. The advantages of regular sanitising of the face and mask include reduced level of microbial contamination, risk of biofilm formation, and respiratory tract and skin infections. HOCl was reviewed as a face and mask sanitiser, concluding that it was an ideal product.

Download Full-text

INFLUENCE OF LACTOBACILLUS SPP. ON COLONIZATION AND ANTI-INFECTIOUS RESISTANCE OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

International Journal of Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.11603/ijmmr.2413-6077.2017.1.6955 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

S. V. Kalinichenko ◽

O. O. Korotkykh ◽

S. I. Pokhil ◽

M. G. Bakumenko

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Secretory Immunoglobulin A ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Colonization Resistance ◽

Mucous Membranes ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Lactobacillus Spp ◽

Secretory Immunoglobulin

Background. Lactobacilli are very important for the formation of colonization resistance and have pronounced antagonistic effect against a wide range of microorganisms. That is why the lactobacilli have extensive use as a component of classic probiotic agents that are widely used to prevent and treat dysbiotic conditions of digestive and genital systems of people.Objective. The aim of the research was to study the effect of lactobacilli on anti-infectious resistance of mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract.Methods. The colonization degree (lg CFU / g) of nasal mucosal membranes by Lactobacillus spp. and S. aureus was determined in all carriers before the experiment. Also, the level of lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in nasal secretions cavities was identified.Results. It was established a clear dysfunction of anti-infectious resistance in carriers of Staphylococcus aureus - a decrease of colonization resistance and local immunity of mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract. As for the anti-infectious resistance of nasal mucosal of S. aureus carriers, the level of lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A gradually increased after the application of probiotic strain L. rhamnosus GG, and in 21 days it reached rates of healthy individuals.Conclusions. It was found out that probiotics for nasal passages sanitation in Staphylococcus aureus carriers lead to gradual eradication of the pathogen (S. aureus) with restoration of colonization and anti-infectious resistance, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract.

Download Full-text